Commit 398a74a4 authored by Vladislav Rykov's avatar Vladislav Rykov
Browse files

periodic server maintanance task added. confirmed config messages and data...

periodic server maintanance task added. confirmed config messages and data files are removed during maintanance task
parent aab39a2e
"""This module contains several handy functions primarily meant for internal use."""
from __future__ import division
from datetime import date, datetime, time, timedelta, tzinfo
from calendar import timegm
from functools import partial
from inspect import isclass, ismethod
import re
from pytz import timezone, utc, FixedOffset
import six
try:
from inspect import signature
except ImportError: # pragma: nocover
from funcsigs import signature
try:
from threading import TIMEOUT_MAX
except ImportError:
TIMEOUT_MAX = 4294967 # Maximum value accepted by Event.wait() on Windows
try:
from asyncio import iscoroutinefunction
except ImportError:
try:
from trollius import iscoroutinefunction
except ImportError:
def iscoroutinefunction(func):
return False
__all__ = ('asint', 'asbool', 'astimezone', 'convert_to_datetime', 'datetime_to_utc_timestamp',
'utc_timestamp_to_datetime', 'timedelta_seconds', 'datetime_ceil', 'get_callable_name',
'obj_to_ref', 'ref_to_obj', 'maybe_ref', 'repr_escape', 'check_callable_args',
'TIMEOUT_MAX')
class _Undefined(object):
def __nonzero__(self):
return False
def __bool__(self):
return False
def __repr__(self):
return '<undefined>'
undefined = _Undefined() #: a unique object that only signifies that no value is defined
def asint(text):
"""
Safely converts a string to an integer, returning ``None`` if the string is ``None``.
:type text: str
:rtype: int
"""
if text is not None:
return int(text)
def asbool(obj):
"""
Interprets an object as a boolean value.
:rtype: bool
"""
if isinstance(obj, str):
obj = obj.strip().lower()
if obj in ('true', 'yes', 'on', 'y', 't', '1'):
return True
if obj in ('false', 'no', 'off', 'n', 'f', '0'):
return False
raise ValueError('Unable to interpret value "%s" as boolean' % obj)
return bool(obj)
def astimezone(obj):
"""
Interprets an object as a timezone.
:rtype: tzinfo
"""
if isinstance(obj, six.string_types):
return timezone(obj)
if isinstance(obj, tzinfo):
if not hasattr(obj, 'localize') or not hasattr(obj, 'normalize'):
raise TypeError('Only timezones from the pytz library are supported')
if obj.zone == 'local':
raise ValueError(
'Unable to determine the name of the local timezone -- you must explicitly '
'specify the name of the local timezone. Please refrain from using timezones like '
'EST to prevent problems with daylight saving time. Instead, use a locale based '
'timezone name (such as Europe/Helsinki).')
return obj
if obj is not None:
raise TypeError('Expected tzinfo, got %s instead' % obj.__class__.__name__)
_DATE_REGEX = re.compile(
r'(?P<year>\d{4})-(?P<month>\d{1,2})-(?P<day>\d{1,2})'
r'(?:[ T](?P<hour>\d{1,2}):(?P<minute>\d{1,2}):(?P<second>\d{1,2})'
r'(?:\.(?P<microsecond>\d{1,6}))?'
r'(?P<timezone>Z|[+-]\d\d:\d\d)?)?$')
def convert_to_datetime(input, tz, arg_name):
"""
Converts the given object to a timezone aware datetime object.
If a timezone aware datetime object is passed, it is returned unmodified.
If a native datetime object is passed, it is given the specified timezone.
If the input is a string, it is parsed as a datetime with the given timezone.
Date strings are accepted in three different forms: date only (Y-m-d), date with time
(Y-m-d H:M:S) or with date+time with microseconds (Y-m-d H:M:S.micro). Additionally you can
override the time zone by giving a specific offset in the format specified by ISO 8601:
Z (UTC), +HH:MM or -HH:MM.
:param str|datetime input: the datetime or string to convert to a timezone aware datetime
:param datetime.tzinfo tz: timezone to interpret ``input`` in
:param str arg_name: the name of the argument (used in an error message)
:rtype: datetime
"""
if input is None:
return
elif isinstance(input, datetime):
datetime_ = input
elif isinstance(input, date):
datetime_ = datetime.combine(input, time())
elif isinstance(input, six.string_types):
m = _DATE_REGEX.match(input)
if not m:
raise ValueError('Invalid date string')
values = m.groupdict()
tzname = values.pop('timezone')
if tzname == 'Z':
tz = utc
elif tzname:
hours, minutes = (int(x) for x in tzname[1:].split(':'))
sign = 1 if tzname[0] == '+' else -1
tz = FixedOffset(sign * (hours * 60 + minutes))
values = {k: int(v or 0) for k, v in values.items()}
datetime_ = datetime(**values)
else:
raise TypeError('Unsupported type for %s: %s' % (arg_name, input.__class__.__name__))
if datetime_.tzinfo is not None:
return datetime_
if tz is None:
raise ValueError(
'The "tz" argument must be specified if %s has no timezone information' % arg_name)
if isinstance(tz, six.string_types):
tz = timezone(tz)
try:
return tz.localize(datetime_, is_dst=None)
except AttributeError:
raise TypeError(
'Only pytz timezones are supported (need the localize() and normalize() methods)')
def datetime_to_utc_timestamp(timeval):
"""
Converts a datetime instance to a timestamp.
:type timeval: datetime
:rtype: float
"""
if timeval is not None:
return timegm(timeval.utctimetuple()) + timeval.microsecond / 1000000
def utc_timestamp_to_datetime(timestamp):
"""
Converts the given timestamp to a datetime instance.
:type timestamp: float
:rtype: datetime
"""
if timestamp is not None:
return datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, utc)
def timedelta_seconds(delta):
"""
Converts the given timedelta to seconds.
:type delta: timedelta
:rtype: float
"""
return delta.days * 24 * 60 * 60 + delta.seconds + \
delta.microseconds / 1000000.0
def datetime_ceil(dateval):
"""
Rounds the given datetime object upwards.
:type dateval: datetime
"""
if dateval.microsecond > 0:
return dateval + timedelta(seconds=1, microseconds=-dateval.microsecond)
return dateval
def datetime_repr(dateval):
return dateval.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z') if dateval else 'None'
def get_callable_name(func):
"""
Returns the best available display name for the given function/callable.
:rtype: str
"""
# the easy case (on Python 3.3+)
if hasattr(func, '__qualname__'):
return func.__qualname__
# class methods, bound and unbound methods
f_self = getattr(func, '__self__', None) or getattr(func, 'im_self', None)
if f_self and hasattr(func, '__name__'):
f_class = f_self if isclass(f_self) else f_self.__class__
else:
f_class = getattr(func, 'im_class', None)
if f_class and hasattr(func, '__name__'):
return '%s.%s' % (f_class.__name__, func.__name__)
# class or class instance
if hasattr(func, '__call__'):
# class
if hasattr(func, '__name__'):
return func.__name__
# instance of a class with a __call__ method
return func.__class__.__name__
raise TypeError('Unable to determine a name for %r -- maybe it is not a callable?' % func)
def obj_to_ref(obj):
"""
Returns the path to the given callable.
:rtype: str
:raises TypeError: if the given object is not callable
:raises ValueError: if the given object is a :class:`~functools.partial`, lambda or a nested
function
"""
if isinstance(obj, partial):
raise ValueError('Cannot create a reference to a partial()')
name = get_callable_name(obj)
if '<lambda>' in name:
raise ValueError('Cannot create a reference to a lambda')
if '<locals>' in name:
raise ValueError('Cannot create a reference to a nested function')
if ismethod(obj):
if hasattr(obj, 'im_self') and obj.im_self:
# bound method
module = obj.im_self.__module__
elif hasattr(obj, 'im_class') and obj.im_class:
# unbound method
module = obj.im_class.__module__
else:
module = obj.__module__
else:
module = obj.__module__
return '%s:%s' % (module, name)
def ref_to_obj(ref):
"""
Returns the object pointed to by ``ref``.
:type ref: str
"""
if not isinstance(ref, six.string_types):
raise TypeError('References must be strings')
if ':' not in ref:
raise ValueError('Invalid reference')
modulename, rest = ref.split(':', 1)
try:
obj = __import__(modulename, fromlist=[rest])
except ImportError:
raise LookupError('Error resolving reference %s: could not import module' % ref)
try:
for name in rest.split('.'):
obj = getattr(obj, name)
return obj
except Exception:
raise LookupError('Error resolving reference %s: error looking up object' % ref)
def maybe_ref(ref):
"""
Returns the object that the given reference points to, if it is indeed a reference.
If it is not a reference, the object is returned as-is.
"""
if not isinstance(ref, str):
return ref
return ref_to_obj(ref)
if six.PY2:
def repr_escape(string):
if isinstance(string, six.text_type):
return string.encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace')
return string
else:
def repr_escape(string):
return string
def check_callable_args(func, args, kwargs):
"""
Ensures that the given callable can be called with the given arguments.
:type args: tuple
:type kwargs: dict
"""
pos_kwargs_conflicts = [] # parameters that have a match in both args and kwargs
positional_only_kwargs = [] # positional-only parameters that have a match in kwargs
unsatisfied_args = [] # parameters in signature that don't have a match in args or kwargs
unsatisfied_kwargs = [] # keyword-only arguments that don't have a match in kwargs
unmatched_args = list(args) # args that didn't match any of the parameters in the signature
# kwargs that didn't match any of the parameters in the signature
unmatched_kwargs = list(kwargs)
# indicates if the signature defines *args and **kwargs respectively
has_varargs = has_var_kwargs = False
try:
sig = signature(func)
except ValueError:
# signature() doesn't work against every kind of callable
return
for param in six.itervalues(sig.parameters):
if param.kind == param.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD:
if param.name in unmatched_kwargs and unmatched_args:
pos_kwargs_conflicts.append(param.name)
elif unmatched_args:
del unmatched_args[0]
elif param.name in unmatched_kwargs:
unmatched_kwargs.remove(param.name)
elif param.default is param.empty:
unsatisfied_args.append(param.name)
elif param.kind == param.POSITIONAL_ONLY:
if unmatched_args:
del unmatched_args[0]
elif param.name in unmatched_kwargs:
unmatched_kwargs.remove(param.name)
positional_only_kwargs.append(param.name)
elif param.default is param.empty:
unsatisfied_args.append(param.name)
elif param.kind == param.KEYWORD_ONLY:
if param.name in unmatched_kwargs:
unmatched_kwargs.remove(param.name)
elif param.default is param.empty:
unsatisfied_kwargs.append(param.name)
elif param.kind == param.VAR_POSITIONAL:
has_varargs = True
elif param.kind == param.VAR_KEYWORD:
has_var_kwargs = True
# Make sure there are no conflicts between args and kwargs
if pos_kwargs_conflicts:
raise ValueError('The following arguments are supplied in both args and kwargs: %s' %
', '.join(pos_kwargs_conflicts))
# Check if keyword arguments are being fed to positional-only parameters
if positional_only_kwargs:
raise ValueError('The following arguments cannot be given as keyword arguments: %s' %
', '.join(positional_only_kwargs))
# Check that the number of positional arguments minus the number of matched kwargs matches the
# argspec
if unsatisfied_args:
raise ValueError('The following arguments have not been supplied: %s' %
', '.join(unsatisfied_args))
# Check that all keyword-only arguments have been supplied
if unsatisfied_kwargs:
raise ValueError(
'The following keyword-only arguments have not been supplied in kwargs: %s' %
', '.join(unsatisfied_kwargs))
# Check that the callable can accept the given number of positional arguments
if not has_varargs and unmatched_args:
raise ValueError(
'The list of positional arguments is longer than the target callable can handle '
'(allowed: %d, given in args: %d)' % (len(args) - len(unmatched_args), len(args)))
# Check that the callable can accept the given keyword arguments
if not has_var_kwargs and unmatched_kwargs:
raise ValueError(
'The target callable does not accept the following keyword arguments: %s' %
', '.join(unmatched_kwargs))
def iscoroutinefunction_partial(f):
while isinstance(f, partial):
f = f.func
# The asyncio version of iscoroutinefunction includes testing for @coroutine
# decorations vs. the inspect version which does not.
return iscoroutinefunction(f)
pytz - World Timezone Definitions for Python
============================================
:Author: Stuart Bishop <stuart@stuartbishop.net>
Introduction
~~~~~~~~~~~~
pytz brings the Olson tz database into Python. This library allows
accurate and cross platform timezone calculations using Python 2.4
or higher. It also solves the issue of ambiguous times at the end
of daylight saving time, which you can read more about in the Python
Library Reference (``datetime.tzinfo``).
Almost all of the Olson timezones are supported.
.. note::
This library differs from the documented Python API for
tzinfo implementations; if you want to create local wallclock
times you need to use the ``localize()`` method documented in this
document. In addition, if you perform date arithmetic on local
times that cross DST boundaries, the result may be in an incorrect
timezone (ie. subtract 1 minute from 2002-10-27 1:00 EST and you get
2002-10-27 0:59 EST instead of the correct 2002-10-27 1:59 EDT). A
``normalize()`` method is provided to correct this. Unfortunately these
issues cannot be resolved without modifying the Python datetime
implementation (see PEP-431).
Installation
~~~~~~~~~~~~
This package can either be installed using ``pip`` or from a tarball using the
standard Python distutils.
If you are installing using ``pip``, you don't need to download anything as the
latest version will be downloaded for you from PyPI::
pip install pytz
If you are installing from a tarball, run the following command as an
administrative user::
python setup.py install
Example & Usage
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Localized times and date arithmetic
-----------------------------------
>>> from datetime import datetime, timedelta
>>> from pytz import timezone
>>> import pytz
>>> utc = pytz.utc
>>> utc.zone
'UTC'
>>> eastern = timezone('US/Eastern')
>>> eastern.zone
'US/Eastern'
>>> amsterdam = timezone('Europe/Amsterdam')
>>> fmt = '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z%z'
This library only supports two ways of building a localized time. The
first is to use the ``localize()`` method provided by the pytz library.
This is used to localize a naive datetime (datetime with no timezone
information):
>>> loc_dt = eastern.localize(datetime(2002, 10, 27, 6, 0, 0))
>>> print(loc_dt.strftime(fmt))
2002-10-27 06:00:00 EST-0500
The second way of building a localized time is by converting an existing
localized time using the standard ``astimezone()`` method:
>>> ams_dt = loc_dt.astimezone(amsterdam)
>>> ams_dt.strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 12:00:00 CET+0100'
Unfortunately using the tzinfo argument of the standard datetime
constructors ''does not work'' with pytz for many timezones.
>>> datetime(2002, 10, 27, 12, 0, 0, tzinfo=amsterdam).strftime(fmt) # /!\ Does not work this way!
'2002-10-27 12:00:00 LMT+0020'
It is safe for timezones without daylight saving transitions though, such
as UTC:
>>> datetime(2002, 10, 27, 12, 0, 0, tzinfo=pytz.utc).strftime(fmt) # /!\ Not recommended except for UTC
'2002-10-27 12:00:00 UTC+0000'
The preferred way of dealing with times is to always work in UTC,
converting to localtime only when generating output to be read
by humans.
>>> utc_dt = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 6, 0, 0, tzinfo=utc)
>>> loc_dt = utc_dt.astimezone(eastern)
>>> loc_dt.strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 01:00:00 EST-0500'
This library also allows you to do date arithmetic using local
times, although it is more complicated than working in UTC as you
need to use the ``normalize()`` method to handle daylight saving time
and other timezone transitions. In this example, ``loc_dt`` is set
to the instant when daylight saving time ends in the US/Eastern
timezone.
>>> before = loc_dt - timedelta(minutes=10)
>>> before.strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 00:50:00 EST-0500'
>>> eastern.normalize(before).strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 01:50:00 EDT-0400'
>>> after = eastern.normalize(before + timedelta(minutes=20))
>>> after.strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 01:10:00 EST-0500'
Creating local times is also tricky, and the reason why working with
local times is not recommended. Unfortunately, you cannot just pass
a ``tzinfo`` argument when constructing a datetime (see the next
section for more details)
>>> dt = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 1, 30, 0)
>>> dt1 = eastern.localize(dt, is_dst=True)
>>> dt1.strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 01:30:00 EDT-0400'
>>> dt2 = eastern.localize(dt, is_dst=False)
>>> dt2.strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 01:30:00 EST-0500'
Converting between timezones is more easily done, using the
standard astimezone method.
>>> utc_dt = utc.localize(datetime.utcfromtimestamp(1143408899))
>>> utc_dt.strftime(fmt)
'2006-03-26 21:34:59 UTC+0000'
>>> au_tz = timezone('Australia/Sydney')
>>> au_dt = utc_dt.astimezone(au_tz)
>>> au_dt.strftime(fmt)
'2006-03-27 08:34:59 AEDT+1100'
>>> utc_dt2 = au_dt.astimezone(utc)
>>> utc_dt2.strftime(fmt)
'2006-03-26 21:34:59 UTC+0000'
>>> utc_dt == utc_dt2
True
You can take shortcuts when dealing with the UTC side of timezone
conversions. ``normalize()`` and ``localize()`` are not really
necessary when there are no daylight saving time transitions to
deal with.
>>> utc_dt = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(1143408899).replace(tzinfo=utc)
>>> utc_dt.strftime(fmt)
'2006-03-26 21:34:59 UTC+0000'
>>> au_tz = timezone('Australia/Sydney')
>>> au_dt = au_tz.normalize(utc_dt.astimezone(au_tz))
>>> au_dt.strftime(fmt)
'2006-03-27 08:34:59 AEDT+1100'
>>> utc_dt2 = au_dt.astimezone(utc)
>>> utc_dt2.strftime(fmt)
'2006-03-26 21:34:59 UTC+0000'
``tzinfo`` API
--------------
The ``tzinfo`` instances returned by the ``timezone()`` function have
been extended to cope with ambiguous times by adding an ``is_dst``
parameter to the ``utcoffset()``, ``dst()`` && ``tzname()`` methods.
>>> tz = timezone('America/St_Johns')
>>> normal = datetime(2009, 9, 1)
>>> ambiguous = datetime(2009, 10, 31, 23, 30)
The ``is_dst`` parameter is ignored for most timestamps. It is only used
during DST transition ambiguous periods to resolve that ambiguity.
>>> print(tz.utcoffset(normal, is_dst=True))
-1 day, 21:30:00
>>> print(tz.dst(normal, is_dst=True))
1:00:00
>>> tz.tzname(normal, is_dst=True)
'NDT'
>>> print(tz.utcoffset(ambiguous, is_dst=True))
-1 day, 21:30:00
>>> print(tz.dst(ambiguous, is_dst=True))
1:00:00
>>> tz.tzname(ambiguous, is_dst=True)
'NDT'
>>> print(tz.utcoffset(normal, is_dst=False))
-1 day, 21:30:00
>>> tz.dst(normal, is_dst=False)
datetime.timedelta(0, 3600)
>>> tz.tzname(normal, is_dst=False)
'NDT'
>>> print(tz.utcoffset(ambiguous, is_dst=False))
-1 day, 20:30:00
>>> tz.dst(ambiguous, is_dst=False)
datetime.timedelta(0)
>>> tz.tzname(ambiguous, is_dst=False)
'NST'
If ``is_dst`` is not specified, ambiguous timestamps will raise
an ``pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError`` exception.
>>> print(tz.utcoffset(normal))
-1 day, 21:30:00
>>> print(tz.dst(normal))
1:00:00
>>> tz.tzname(normal)
'NDT'
>>> import pytz.exceptions
>>> try:
... tz.utcoffset(ambiguous)
... except pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError:
... print('pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError: %s' % ambiguous)
pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError: 2009-10-31 23:30:00
>>> try:
... tz.dst(ambiguous)
... except pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError:
... print('pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError: %s' % ambiguous)
pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError: 2009-10-31 23:30:00
>>> try:
... tz.tzname(ambiguous)
... except pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError:
... print('pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError: %s' % ambiguous)
pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError: 2009-10-31 23:30:00
Problems with Localtime
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The major problem we have to deal with is that certain datetimes
may occur twice in a year. For example, in the US/Eastern timezone
on the last Sunday morning in October, the following sequence
happens:
- 01:00 EDT occurs
- 1 hour later, instead of 2:00am the clock is turned back 1 hour
and 01:00 happens again (this time 01:00 EST)
In fact, every instant between 01:00 and 02:00 occurs twice. This means
that if you try and create a time in the 'US/Eastern' timezone
the standard datetime syntax, there is no way to specify if you meant
before of after the end-of-daylight-saving-time transition. Using the
pytz custom syntax, the best you can do is make an educated guess:
>>> loc_dt = eastern.localize(datetime(2002, 10, 27, 1, 30, 00))
>>> loc_dt.strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 01:30:00 EST-0500'
As you can see, the system has chosen one for you and there is a 50%
chance of it being out by one hour. For some applications, this does
not matter. However, if you are trying to schedule meetings with people
in different timezones or analyze log files it is not acceptable.
The best and simplest solution is to stick with using UTC. The pytz
package encourages using UTC for internal timezone representation by
including a special UTC implementation based on the standard Python
reference implementation in the Python documentation.
The UTC timezone unpickles to be the same instance, and pickles to a
smaller size than other pytz tzinfo instances. The UTC implementation
can be obtained as pytz.utc, pytz.UTC, or pytz.timezone('UTC').
>>> import pickle, pytz
>>> dt = datetime(2005, 3, 1, 14, 13, 21, tzinfo=utc)
>>> naive = dt.replace(tzinfo=None)
>>> p = pickle.dumps(dt, 1)
>>> naive_p = pickle.dumps(naive, 1)
>>> len(p) - len(naive_p)
17
>>> new = pickle.loads(p)
>>> new == dt
True
>>> new is dt
False
>>> new.tzinfo is dt.tzinfo
True
>>> pytz.utc is pytz.UTC is pytz.timezone('UTC')
True
Note that some other timezones are commonly thought of as the same (GMT,
Greenwich, Universal, etc.). The definition of UTC is distinct from these
other timezones, and they are not equivalent. For this reason, they will
not compare the same in Python.
>>> utc == pytz.timezone('GMT')
False
See the section `What is UTC`_, below.
If you insist on working with local times, this library provides a
facility for constructing them unambiguously:
>>> loc_dt = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 1, 30, 00)
>>> est_dt = eastern.localize(loc_dt, is_dst=True)
>>> edt_dt = eastern.localize(loc_dt, is_dst=False)
>>> print(est_dt.strftime(fmt) + ' / ' + edt_dt.strftime(fmt))
2002-10-27 01:30:00 EDT-0400 / 2002-10-27 01:30:00 EST-0500
If you pass None as the is_dst flag to localize(), pytz will refuse to
guess and raise exceptions if you try to build ambiguous or non-existent
times.
For example, 1:30am on 27th Oct 2002 happened twice in the US/Eastern
timezone when the clocks where put back at the end of Daylight Saving
Time:
>>> dt = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 1, 30, 00)
>>> try:
... eastern.localize(dt, is_dst=None)
... except pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError:
... print('pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError: %s' % dt)
pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError: 2002-10-27 01:30:00
Similarly, 2:30am on 7th April 2002 never happened at all in the
US/Eastern timezone, as the clocks where put forward at 2:00am skipping
the entire hour:
>>> dt = datetime(2002, 4, 7, 2, 30, 00)
>>> try:
... eastern.localize(dt, is_dst=None)
... except pytz.exceptions.NonExistentTimeError:
... print('pytz.exceptions.NonExistentTimeError: %s' % dt)
pytz.exceptions.NonExistentTimeError: 2002-04-07 02:30:00
Both of these exceptions share a common base class to make error handling
easier:
>>> isinstance(pytz.AmbiguousTimeError(), pytz.InvalidTimeError)
True
>>> isinstance(pytz.NonExistentTimeError(), pytz.InvalidTimeError)
True
A special case is where countries change their timezone definitions
with no daylight savings time switch. For example, in 1915 Warsaw
switched from Warsaw time to Central European time with no daylight savings
transition. So at the stroke of midnight on August 5th 1915 the clocks
were wound back 24 minutes creating an ambiguous time period that cannot
be specified without referring to the timezone abbreviation or the
actual UTC offset. In this case midnight happened twice, neither time
during a daylight saving time period. pytz handles this transition by
treating the ambiguous period before the switch as daylight savings
time, and the ambiguous period after as standard time.
>>> warsaw = pytz.timezone('Europe/Warsaw')
>>> amb_dt1 = warsaw.localize(datetime(1915, 8, 4, 23, 59, 59), is_dst=True)
>>> amb_dt1.strftime(fmt)
'1915-08-04 23:59:59 WMT+0124'
>>> amb_dt2 = warsaw.localize(datetime(1915, 8, 4, 23, 59, 59), is_dst=False)
>>> amb_dt2.strftime(fmt)
'1915-08-04 23:59:59 CET+0100'
>>> switch_dt = warsaw.localize(datetime(1915, 8, 5, 00, 00, 00), is_dst=False)
>>> switch_dt.strftime(fmt)
'1915-08-05 00:00:00 CET+0100'
>>> str(switch_dt - amb_dt1)
'0:24:01'
>>> str(switch_dt - amb_dt2)
'0:00:01'
The best way of creating a time during an ambiguous time period is
by converting from another timezone such as UTC:
>>> utc_dt = datetime(1915, 8, 4, 22, 36, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
>>> utc_dt.astimezone(warsaw).strftime(fmt)
'1915-08-04 23:36:00 CET+0100'
The standard Python way of handling all these ambiguities is not to
handle them, such as demonstrated in this example using the US/Eastern
timezone definition from the Python documentation (Note that this
implementation only works for dates between 1987 and 2006 - it is
included for tests only!):
>>> from pytz.reference import Eastern # pytz.reference only for tests
>>> dt = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 0, 30, tzinfo=Eastern)
>>> str(dt)
'2002-10-27 00:30:00-04:00'
>>> str(dt + timedelta(hours=1))
'2002-10-27 01:30:00-05:00'
>>> str(dt + timedelta(hours=2))
'2002-10-27 02:30:00-05:00'
>>> str(dt + timedelta(hours=3))
'2002-10-27 03:30:00-05:00'
Notice the first two results? At first glance you might think they are
correct, but taking the UTC offset into account you find that they are
actually two hours appart instead of the 1 hour we asked for.
>>> from pytz.reference import UTC # pytz.reference only for tests
>>> str(dt.astimezone(UTC))
'2002-10-27 04:30:00+00:00'
>>> str((dt + timedelta(hours=1)).astimezone(UTC))
'2002-10-27 06:30:00+00:00'
Country Information
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A mechanism is provided to access the timezones commonly in use
for a particular country, looked up using the ISO 3166 country code.
It returns a list of strings that can be used to retrieve the relevant
tzinfo instance using ``pytz.timezone()``:
>>> print(' '.join(pytz.country_timezones['nz']))
Pacific/Auckland Pacific/Chatham
The Olson database comes with a ISO 3166 country code to English country
name mapping that pytz exposes as a dictionary:
>>> print(pytz.country_names['nz'])
New Zealand
What is UTC
~~~~~~~~~~~
'UTC' is `Coordinated Universal Time`_. It is a successor to, but distinct
from, Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and the various definitions of Universal
Time. UTC is now the worldwide standard for regulating clocks and time
measurement.
All other timezones are defined relative to UTC, and include offsets like
UTC+0800 - hours to add or subtract from UTC to derive the local time. No
daylight saving time occurs in UTC, making it a useful timezone to perform
date arithmetic without worrying about the confusion and ambiguities caused
by daylight saving time transitions, your country changing its timezone, or
mobile computers that roam through multiple timezones.
.. _Coordinated Universal Time: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time
Helpers
~~~~~~~
There are two lists of timezones provided.
``all_timezones`` is the exhaustive list of the timezone names that can
be used.
>>> from pytz import all_timezones
>>> len(all_timezones) >= 500
True
>>> 'Etc/Greenwich' in all_timezones
True
``common_timezones`` is a list of useful, current timezones. It doesn't
contain deprecated zones or historical zones, except for a few I've
deemed in common usage, such as US/Eastern (open a bug report if you
think other timezones are deserving of being included here). It is also
a sequence of strings.
>>> from pytz import common_timezones
>>> len(common_timezones) < len(all_timezones)
True
>>> 'Etc/Greenwich' in common_timezones
False
>>> 'Australia/Melbourne' in common_timezones
True
>>> 'US/Eastern' in common_timezones
True
>>> 'Canada/Eastern' in common_timezones
True
>>> 'Australia/Yancowinna' in all_timezones
True
>>> 'Australia/Yancowinna' in common_timezones
False
Both ``common_timezones`` and ``all_timezones`` are alphabetically
sorted:
>>> common_timezones_dupe = common_timezones[:]
>>> common_timezones_dupe.sort()
>>> common_timezones == common_timezones_dupe
True
>>> all_timezones_dupe = all_timezones[:]
>>> all_timezones_dupe.sort()
>>> all_timezones == all_timezones_dupe
True
``all_timezones`` and ``common_timezones`` are also available as sets.
>>> from pytz import all_timezones_set, common_timezones_set
>>> 'US/Eastern' in all_timezones_set
True
>>> 'US/Eastern' in common_timezones_set
True
>>> 'Australia/Victoria' in common_timezones_set
False
You can also retrieve lists of timezones used by particular countries
using the ``country_timezones()`` function. It requires an ISO-3166
two letter country code.
>>> from pytz import country_timezones
>>> print(' '.join(country_timezones('ch')))
Europe/Zurich
>>> print(' '.join(country_timezones('CH')))
Europe/Zurich
Internationalization - i18n/l10n
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Pytz is an interface to the IANA database, which uses ASCII names. The `Unicode Consortium's Unicode Locales (CLDR) <http://cldr.unicode.org>`_
project provides translations. Thomas Khyn's
`l18n <https://pypi.org/project/l18n/>`_ package can be used to access
these translations from Python.
License
~~~~~~~
MIT license.
This code is also available as part of Zope 3 under the Zope Public
License, Version 2.1 (ZPL).
I'm happy to relicense this code if necessary for inclusion in other
open source projects.
Latest Versions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This package will be updated after releases of the Olson timezone
database. The latest version can be downloaded from the `Python Package
Index <https://pypi.org/project/pytz/>`_. The code that is used
to generate this distribution is hosted on launchpad.net and available
using git::
git clone https://git.launchpad.net/pytz
A mirror on github is also available at https://github.com/stub42/pytz
Announcements of new releases are made on
`Launchpad <https://launchpad.net/pytz>`_, and the
`Atom feed <http://feeds.launchpad.net/pytz/announcements.atom>`_
hosted there.
Bugs, Feature Requests & Patches
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Bugs can be reported using `Launchpad <https://bugs.launchpad.net/pytz>`__.
Issues & Limitations
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Offsets from UTC are rounded to the nearest whole minute, so timezones
such as Europe/Amsterdam pre 1937 will be up to 30 seconds out. This
is a limitation of the Python datetime library.
- If you think a timezone definition is incorrect, I probably can't fix
it. pytz is a direct translation of the Olson timezone database, and
changes to the timezone definitions need to be made to this source.
If you find errors they should be reported to the time zone mailing
list, linked from http://www.iana.org/time-zones.
Further Reading
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
More info than you want to know about timezones:
http://www.twinsun.com/tz/tz-link.htm
Contact
~~~~~~~
Stuart Bishop <stuart@stuartbishop.net>
Copyright (c) 2003-2018 Stuart Bishop <stuart@stuartbishop.net>
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Metadata-Version: 2.0
Name: pytz
Version: 2019.3
Summary: World timezone definitions, modern and historical
Home-page: http://pythonhosted.org/pytz
Author: Stuart Bishop
Author-email: stuart@stuartbishop.net
Maintainer: Stuart Bishop
Maintainer-email: stuart@stuartbishop.net
License: MIT
Download-URL: https://pypi.org/project/pytz/
Keywords: timezone,tzinfo,datetime,olson,time
Platform: Independent
Classifier: Development Status :: 6 - Mature
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
Classifier: Natural Language :: English
Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.4
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.5
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.0
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.1
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6
Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
pytz - World Timezone Definitions for Python
============================================
:Author: Stuart Bishop <stuart@stuartbishop.net>
Introduction
~~~~~~~~~~~~
pytz brings the Olson tz database into Python. This library allows
accurate and cross platform timezone calculations using Python 2.4
or higher. It also solves the issue of ambiguous times at the end
of daylight saving time, which you can read more about in the Python
Library Reference (``datetime.tzinfo``).
Almost all of the Olson timezones are supported.
.. note::
This library differs from the documented Python API for
tzinfo implementations; if you want to create local wallclock
times you need to use the ``localize()`` method documented in this
document. In addition, if you perform date arithmetic on local
times that cross DST boundaries, the result may be in an incorrect
timezone (ie. subtract 1 minute from 2002-10-27 1:00 EST and you get
2002-10-27 0:59 EST instead of the correct 2002-10-27 1:59 EDT). A
``normalize()`` method is provided to correct this. Unfortunately these
issues cannot be resolved without modifying the Python datetime
implementation (see PEP-431).
Installation
~~~~~~~~~~~~
This package can either be installed using ``pip`` or from a tarball using the
standard Python distutils.
If you are installing using ``pip``, you don't need to download anything as the
latest version will be downloaded for you from PyPI::
pip install pytz
If you are installing from a tarball, run the following command as an
administrative user::
python setup.py install
Example & Usage
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Localized times and date arithmetic
-----------------------------------
>>> from datetime import datetime, timedelta
>>> from pytz import timezone
>>> import pytz
>>> utc = pytz.utc
>>> utc.zone
'UTC'
>>> eastern = timezone('US/Eastern')
>>> eastern.zone
'US/Eastern'
>>> amsterdam = timezone('Europe/Amsterdam')
>>> fmt = '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z%z'
This library only supports two ways of building a localized time. The
first is to use the ``localize()`` method provided by the pytz library.
This is used to localize a naive datetime (datetime with no timezone
information):
>>> loc_dt = eastern.localize(datetime(2002, 10, 27, 6, 0, 0))
>>> print(loc_dt.strftime(fmt))
2002-10-27 06:00:00 EST-0500
The second way of building a localized time is by converting an existing
localized time using the standard ``astimezone()`` method:
>>> ams_dt = loc_dt.astimezone(amsterdam)
>>> ams_dt.strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 12:00:00 CET+0100'
Unfortunately using the tzinfo argument of the standard datetime
constructors ''does not work'' with pytz for many timezones.
>>> datetime(2002, 10, 27, 12, 0, 0, tzinfo=amsterdam).strftime(fmt) # /!\ Does not work this way!
'2002-10-27 12:00:00 LMT+0020'
It is safe for timezones without daylight saving transitions though, such
as UTC:
>>> datetime(2002, 10, 27, 12, 0, 0, tzinfo=pytz.utc).strftime(fmt) # /!\ Not recommended except for UTC
'2002-10-27 12:00:00 UTC+0000'
The preferred way of dealing with times is to always work in UTC,
converting to localtime only when generating output to be read
by humans.
>>> utc_dt = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 6, 0, 0, tzinfo=utc)
>>> loc_dt = utc_dt.astimezone(eastern)
>>> loc_dt.strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 01:00:00 EST-0500'
This library also allows you to do date arithmetic using local
times, although it is more complicated than working in UTC as you
need to use the ``normalize()`` method to handle daylight saving time
and other timezone transitions. In this example, ``loc_dt`` is set
to the instant when daylight saving time ends in the US/Eastern
timezone.
>>> before = loc_dt - timedelta(minutes=10)
>>> before.strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 00:50:00 EST-0500'
>>> eastern.normalize(before).strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 01:50:00 EDT-0400'
>>> after = eastern.normalize(before + timedelta(minutes=20))
>>> after.strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 01:10:00 EST-0500'
Creating local times is also tricky, and the reason why working with
local times is not recommended. Unfortunately, you cannot just pass
a ``tzinfo`` argument when constructing a datetime (see the next
section for more details)
>>> dt = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 1, 30, 0)
>>> dt1 = eastern.localize(dt, is_dst=True)
>>> dt1.strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 01:30:00 EDT-0400'
>>> dt2 = eastern.localize(dt, is_dst=False)
>>> dt2.strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 01:30:00 EST-0500'
Converting between timezones is more easily done, using the
standard astimezone method.
>>> utc_dt = utc.localize(datetime.utcfromtimestamp(1143408899))
>>> utc_dt.strftime(fmt)
'2006-03-26 21:34:59 UTC+0000'
>>> au_tz = timezone('Australia/Sydney')
>>> au_dt = utc_dt.astimezone(au_tz)
>>> au_dt.strftime(fmt)
'2006-03-27 08:34:59 AEDT+1100'
>>> utc_dt2 = au_dt.astimezone(utc)
>>> utc_dt2.strftime(fmt)
'2006-03-26 21:34:59 UTC+0000'
>>> utc_dt == utc_dt2
True
You can take shortcuts when dealing with the UTC side of timezone
conversions. ``normalize()`` and ``localize()`` are not really
necessary when there are no daylight saving time transitions to
deal with.
>>> utc_dt = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(1143408899).replace(tzinfo=utc)
>>> utc_dt.strftime(fmt)
'2006-03-26 21:34:59 UTC+0000'
>>> au_tz = timezone('Australia/Sydney')
>>> au_dt = au_tz.normalize(utc_dt.astimezone(au_tz))
>>> au_dt.strftime(fmt)
'2006-03-27 08:34:59 AEDT+1100'
>>> utc_dt2 = au_dt.astimezone(utc)
>>> utc_dt2.strftime(fmt)
'2006-03-26 21:34:59 UTC+0000'
``tzinfo`` API
--------------
The ``tzinfo`` instances returned by the ``timezone()`` function have
been extended to cope with ambiguous times by adding an ``is_dst``
parameter to the ``utcoffset()``, ``dst()`` && ``tzname()`` methods.
>>> tz = timezone('America/St_Johns')
>>> normal = datetime(2009, 9, 1)
>>> ambiguous = datetime(2009, 10, 31, 23, 30)
The ``is_dst`` parameter is ignored for most timestamps. It is only used
during DST transition ambiguous periods to resolve that ambiguity.
>>> print(tz.utcoffset(normal, is_dst=True))
-1 day, 21:30:00
>>> print(tz.dst(normal, is_dst=True))
1:00:00
>>> tz.tzname(normal, is_dst=True)
'NDT'
>>> print(tz.utcoffset(ambiguous, is_dst=True))
-1 day, 21:30:00
>>> print(tz.dst(ambiguous, is_dst=True))
1:00:00
>>> tz.tzname(ambiguous, is_dst=True)
'NDT'
>>> print(tz.utcoffset(normal, is_dst=False))
-1 day, 21:30:00
>>> tz.dst(normal, is_dst=False)
datetime.timedelta(0, 3600)
>>> tz.tzname(normal, is_dst=False)
'NDT'
>>> print(tz.utcoffset(ambiguous, is_dst=False))
-1 day, 20:30:00
>>> tz.dst(ambiguous, is_dst=False)
datetime.timedelta(0)
>>> tz.tzname(ambiguous, is_dst=False)
'NST'
If ``is_dst`` is not specified, ambiguous timestamps will raise
an ``pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError`` exception.
>>> print(tz.utcoffset(normal))
-1 day, 21:30:00
>>> print(tz.dst(normal))
1:00:00
>>> tz.tzname(normal)
'NDT'
>>> import pytz.exceptions
>>> try:
... tz.utcoffset(ambiguous)
... except pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError:
... print('pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError: %s' % ambiguous)
pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError: 2009-10-31 23:30:00
>>> try:
... tz.dst(ambiguous)
... except pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError:
... print('pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError: %s' % ambiguous)
pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError: 2009-10-31 23:30:00
>>> try:
... tz.tzname(ambiguous)
... except pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError:
... print('pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError: %s' % ambiguous)
pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError: 2009-10-31 23:30:00
Problems with Localtime
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The major problem we have to deal with is that certain datetimes
may occur twice in a year. For example, in the US/Eastern timezone
on the last Sunday morning in October, the following sequence
happens:
- 01:00 EDT occurs
- 1 hour later, instead of 2:00am the clock is turned back 1 hour
and 01:00 happens again (this time 01:00 EST)
In fact, every instant between 01:00 and 02:00 occurs twice. This means
that if you try and create a time in the 'US/Eastern' timezone
the standard datetime syntax, there is no way to specify if you meant
before of after the end-of-daylight-saving-time transition. Using the
pytz custom syntax, the best you can do is make an educated guess:
>>> loc_dt = eastern.localize(datetime(2002, 10, 27, 1, 30, 00))
>>> loc_dt.strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 01:30:00 EST-0500'
As you can see, the system has chosen one for you and there is a 50%
chance of it being out by one hour. For some applications, this does
not matter. However, if you are trying to schedule meetings with people
in different timezones or analyze log files it is not acceptable.
The best and simplest solution is to stick with using UTC. The pytz
package encourages using UTC for internal timezone representation by
including a special UTC implementation based on the standard Python
reference implementation in the Python documentation.
The UTC timezone unpickles to be the same instance, and pickles to a
smaller size than other pytz tzinfo instances. The UTC implementation
can be obtained as pytz.utc, pytz.UTC, or pytz.timezone('UTC').
>>> import pickle, pytz
>>> dt = datetime(2005, 3, 1, 14, 13, 21, tzinfo=utc)
>>> naive = dt.replace(tzinfo=None)
>>> p = pickle.dumps(dt, 1)
>>> naive_p = pickle.dumps(naive, 1)
>>> len(p) - len(naive_p)
17
>>> new = pickle.loads(p)
>>> new == dt
True
>>> new is dt
False
>>> new.tzinfo is dt.tzinfo
True
>>> pytz.utc is pytz.UTC is pytz.timezone('UTC')
True
Note that some other timezones are commonly thought of as the same (GMT,
Greenwich, Universal, etc.). The definition of UTC is distinct from these
other timezones, and they are not equivalent. For this reason, they will
not compare the same in Python.
>>> utc == pytz.timezone('GMT')
False
See the section `What is UTC`_, below.
If you insist on working with local times, this library provides a
facility for constructing them unambiguously:
>>> loc_dt = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 1, 30, 00)
>>> est_dt = eastern.localize(loc_dt, is_dst=True)
>>> edt_dt = eastern.localize(loc_dt, is_dst=False)
>>> print(est_dt.strftime(fmt) + ' / ' + edt_dt.strftime(fmt))
2002-10-27 01:30:00 EDT-0400 / 2002-10-27 01:30:00 EST-0500
If you pass None as the is_dst flag to localize(), pytz will refuse to
guess and raise exceptions if you try to build ambiguous or non-existent
times.
For example, 1:30am on 27th Oct 2002 happened twice in the US/Eastern
timezone when the clocks where put back at the end of Daylight Saving
Time:
>>> dt = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 1, 30, 00)
>>> try:
... eastern.localize(dt, is_dst=None)
... except pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError:
... print('pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError: %s' % dt)
pytz.exceptions.AmbiguousTimeError: 2002-10-27 01:30:00
Similarly, 2:30am on 7th April 2002 never happened at all in the
US/Eastern timezone, as the clocks where put forward at 2:00am skipping
the entire hour:
>>> dt = datetime(2002, 4, 7, 2, 30, 00)
>>> try:
... eastern.localize(dt, is_dst=None)
... except pytz.exceptions.NonExistentTimeError:
... print('pytz.exceptions.NonExistentTimeError: %s' % dt)
pytz.exceptions.NonExistentTimeError: 2002-04-07 02:30:00
Both of these exceptions share a common base class to make error handling
easier:
>>> isinstance(pytz.AmbiguousTimeError(), pytz.InvalidTimeError)
True
>>> isinstance(pytz.NonExistentTimeError(), pytz.InvalidTimeError)
True
A special case is where countries change their timezone definitions
with no daylight savings time switch. For example, in 1915 Warsaw
switched from Warsaw time to Central European time with no daylight savings
transition. So at the stroke of midnight on August 5th 1915 the clocks
were wound back 24 minutes creating an ambiguous time period that cannot
be specified without referring to the timezone abbreviation or the
actual UTC offset. In this case midnight happened twice, neither time
during a daylight saving time period. pytz handles this transition by
treating the ambiguous period before the switch as daylight savings
time, and the ambiguous period after as standard time.
>>> warsaw = pytz.timezone('Europe/Warsaw')
>>> amb_dt1 = warsaw.localize(datetime(1915, 8, 4, 23, 59, 59), is_dst=True)
>>> amb_dt1.strftime(fmt)
'1915-08-04 23:59:59 WMT+0124'
>>> amb_dt2 = warsaw.localize(datetime(1915, 8, 4, 23, 59, 59), is_dst=False)
>>> amb_dt2.strftime(fmt)
'1915-08-04 23:59:59 CET+0100'
>>> switch_dt = warsaw.localize(datetime(1915, 8, 5, 00, 00, 00), is_dst=False)
>>> switch_dt.strftime(fmt)
'1915-08-05 00:00:00 CET+0100'
>>> str(switch_dt - amb_dt1)
'0:24:01'
>>> str(switch_dt - amb_dt2)
'0:00:01'
The best way of creating a time during an ambiguous time period is
by converting from another timezone such as UTC:
>>> utc_dt = datetime(1915, 8, 4, 22, 36, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
>>> utc_dt.astimezone(warsaw).strftime(fmt)
'1915-08-04 23:36:00 CET+0100'
The standard Python way of handling all these ambiguities is not to
handle them, such as demonstrated in this example using the US/Eastern
timezone definition from the Python documentation (Note that this
implementation only works for dates between 1987 and 2006 - it is
included for tests only!):
>>> from pytz.reference import Eastern # pytz.reference only for tests
>>> dt = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 0, 30, tzinfo=Eastern)
>>> str(dt)
'2002-10-27 00:30:00-04:00'
>>> str(dt + timedelta(hours=1))
'2002-10-27 01:30:00-05:00'
>>> str(dt + timedelta(hours=2))
'2002-10-27 02:30:00-05:00'
>>> str(dt + timedelta(hours=3))
'2002-10-27 03:30:00-05:00'
Notice the first two results? At first glance you might think they are
correct, but taking the UTC offset into account you find that they are
actually two hours appart instead of the 1 hour we asked for.
>>> from pytz.reference import UTC # pytz.reference only for tests
>>> str(dt.astimezone(UTC))
'2002-10-27 04:30:00+00:00'
>>> str((dt + timedelta(hours=1)).astimezone(UTC))
'2002-10-27 06:30:00+00:00'
Country Information
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A mechanism is provided to access the timezones commonly in use
for a particular country, looked up using the ISO 3166 country code.
It returns a list of strings that can be used to retrieve the relevant
tzinfo instance using ``pytz.timezone()``:
>>> print(' '.join(pytz.country_timezones['nz']))
Pacific/Auckland Pacific/Chatham
The Olson database comes with a ISO 3166 country code to English country
name mapping that pytz exposes as a dictionary:
>>> print(pytz.country_names['nz'])
New Zealand
What is UTC
~~~~~~~~~~~
'UTC' is `Coordinated Universal Time`_. It is a successor to, but distinct
from, Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and the various definitions of Universal
Time. UTC is now the worldwide standard for regulating clocks and time
measurement.
All other timezones are defined relative to UTC, and include offsets like
UTC+0800 - hours to add or subtract from UTC to derive the local time. No
daylight saving time occurs in UTC, making it a useful timezone to perform
date arithmetic without worrying about the confusion and ambiguities caused
by daylight saving time transitions, your country changing its timezone, or
mobile computers that roam through multiple timezones.
.. _Coordinated Universal Time: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time
Helpers
~~~~~~~
There are two lists of timezones provided.
``all_timezones`` is the exhaustive list of the timezone names that can
be used.
>>> from pytz import all_timezones
>>> len(all_timezones) >= 500
True
>>> 'Etc/Greenwich' in all_timezones
True
``common_timezones`` is a list of useful, current timezones. It doesn't
contain deprecated zones or historical zones, except for a few I've
deemed in common usage, such as US/Eastern (open a bug report if you
think other timezones are deserving of being included here). It is also
a sequence of strings.
>>> from pytz import common_timezones
>>> len(common_timezones) < len(all_timezones)
True
>>> 'Etc/Greenwich' in common_timezones
False
>>> 'Australia/Melbourne' in common_timezones
True
>>> 'US/Eastern' in common_timezones
True
>>> 'Canada/Eastern' in common_timezones
True
>>> 'Australia/Yancowinna' in all_timezones
True
>>> 'Australia/Yancowinna' in common_timezones
False
Both ``common_timezones`` and ``all_timezones`` are alphabetically
sorted:
>>> common_timezones_dupe = common_timezones[:]
>>> common_timezones_dupe.sort()
>>> common_timezones == common_timezones_dupe
True
>>> all_timezones_dupe = all_timezones[:]
>>> all_timezones_dupe.sort()
>>> all_timezones == all_timezones_dupe
True
``all_timezones`` and ``common_timezones`` are also available as sets.
>>> from pytz import all_timezones_set, common_timezones_set
>>> 'US/Eastern' in all_timezones_set
True
>>> 'US/Eastern' in common_timezones_set
True
>>> 'Australia/Victoria' in common_timezones_set
False
You can also retrieve lists of timezones used by particular countries
using the ``country_timezones()`` function. It requires an ISO-3166
two letter country code.
>>> from pytz import country_timezones
>>> print(' '.join(country_timezones('ch')))
Europe/Zurich
>>> print(' '.join(country_timezones('CH')))
Europe/Zurich
Internationalization - i18n/l10n
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Pytz is an interface to the IANA database, which uses ASCII names. The `Unicode Consortium's Unicode Locales (CLDR) <http://cldr.unicode.org>`_
project provides translations. Thomas Khyn's
`l18n <https://pypi.org/project/l18n/>`_ package can be used to access
these translations from Python.
License
~~~~~~~
MIT license.
This code is also available as part of Zope 3 under the Zope Public
License, Version 2.1 (ZPL).
I'm happy to relicense this code if necessary for inclusion in other
open source projects.
Latest Versions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This package will be updated after releases of the Olson timezone
database. The latest version can be downloaded from the `Python Package
Index <https://pypi.org/project/pytz/>`_. The code that is used
to generate this distribution is hosted on launchpad.net and available
using git::
git clone https://git.launchpad.net/pytz
A mirror on github is also available at https://github.com/stub42/pytz
Announcements of new releases are made on
`Launchpad <https://launchpad.net/pytz>`_, and the
`Atom feed <http://feeds.launchpad.net/pytz/announcements.atom>`_
hosted there.
Bugs, Feature Requests & Patches
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Bugs can be reported using `Launchpad <https://bugs.launchpad.net/pytz>`__.
Issues & Limitations
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Offsets from UTC are rounded to the nearest whole minute, so timezones
such as Europe/Amsterdam pre 1937 will be up to 30 seconds out. This
is a limitation of the Python datetime library.
- If you think a timezone definition is incorrect, I probably can't fix
it. pytz is a direct translation of the Olson timezone database, and
changes to the timezone definitions need to be made to this source.
If you find errors they should be reported to the time zone mailing
list, linked from http://www.iana.org/time-zones.
Further Reading
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
More info than you want to know about timezones:
http://www.twinsun.com/tz/tz-link.htm
Contact
~~~~~~~
Stuart Bishop <stuart@stuartbishop.net>
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pytz/zoneinfo/America/Fort_Wayne,sha256=GrNub1_3Um5Qh67wOx58_TEAz4fwAeAlk2AlMTVA_sI,1666
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Fortaleza,sha256=mITuMrRLRTWyoiF04Oy_UZ8gxZofTpXDblM8t7ch7Sg,716
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Glace_Bay,sha256=G8DGLGCapH_aYCF_OhaL5Qonf7FOAgAPwelO5htCWBc,2192
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Godthab,sha256=FtlXWP_hBNuwBHkI2b1yne_tSUJpwLtWLyTHZoFZkmM,1878
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Goose_Bay,sha256=JgaLueghSvX2g725FOfIgpgvsqxZGykWOhAZWGpQZRY,3210
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Grand_Turk,sha256=ds3WfGxsBby0eTHik_PEHmmwS0uF-Rd5YdCcb_SAnLw,1848
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Grenada,sha256=17gT2eOVMFKJF_sypwDPudkFwGEijrRfkBU-aK3FL60,148
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Guadeloupe,sha256=17gT2eOVMFKJF_sypwDPudkFwGEijrRfkBU-aK3FL60,148
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Guatemala,sha256=dugUgCd6QY52yHkHuUP4jRWzo5x439IQigaYCvEF46Q,280
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Guayaquil,sha256=PbcF4bvGAm-aFwdtGPotJy3kb4NwoyWwxgwL98BeUWA,246
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Guyana,sha256=mDyb0FtGOpwGPq864vAHX22LY0Pxex94f1wVMyo36d0,236
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Halifax,sha256=TZpmc5PwWoLfTfQoQ_b3U17BE2iVKSeNkR0Ho8mbTn8,3424
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Havana,sha256=HUQeAuKBsEkI5SLZjqynXICOUVOajkKzKH5r-Ov5Odc,2416
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Hermosillo,sha256=9Ij30JYmMscC1XHi4o9v-uSXoUuE8V9zhGz2iV5hVFI,416
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Indiana/Indianapolis,sha256=GrNub1_3Um5Qh67wOx58_TEAz4fwAeAlk2AlMTVA_sI,1666
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Indiana/Knox,sha256=BiALShjiOLg1o8mMRWJ1jyTlJkgvwzte7B9WSOvTUNg,2428
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Indiana/Marengo,sha256=CPYY3XgJFNEzONxei7x04wOGI_b86RAn4jBPewi1HZw,1722
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Indiana/Petersburg,sha256=axot1SloP27ZWjezmo7kldu9qA2frEtPVqWngcXtft0,1904
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Indiana/Tell_City,sha256=GrWNjb1i4sbIYlJ8fU0viJ2Q5JmrlvLgcLQILnk3El8,1684
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Indiana/Vevay,sha256=GGosHbQUoIDOKPZxdal42X40veEITMmrnlKOnLUhb-c,1414
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Indiana/Vincennes,sha256=gh7LAbHbMD92eo9C_c5IiwQ1fJvxhdJN402Q_4YJdLg,1694
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Indiana/Winamac,sha256=yS-_aKSC4crd0WdNutkHRHxUjmBCU56QVQcqy7kYpbQ,1778
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Indianapolis,sha256=GrNub1_3Um5Qh67wOx58_TEAz4fwAeAlk2AlMTVA_sI,1666
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Inuvik,sha256=MU_oDiidQaijt1KV0B5h9LqHoCrJ8ieldD9tsiJiX5o,1894
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Iqaluit,sha256=6PitEMSFWcSb-Io8fvm4oQ_7v39G_qANc6reTjXoZJ0,2032
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Jamaica,sha256=wlagieUPRf5-beie-h7QsONbNzjGsm8vMs8uf28pw28,482
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Jujuy,sha256=5HR0TlZFifwJ5nLTmg7yWXgCTx9mRhahfs4_Wq70wOY,1048
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Juneau,sha256=k7hxb0aGRnfnE-DBi3LkcjAzRPyAf0_Hw0vVFfjGeb0,2353
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Kentucky/Louisville,sha256=-yqgeeHZdq6oP3_WzVvYOmqV9HQv8y7ZWmc9bzHvJAY,2772
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Kentucky/Monticello,sha256=NJMKjG7jjlRzZhndMPw51bYW0D3jviW2Qbl70YcU0Gg,2352
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Knox_IN,sha256=BiALShjiOLg1o8mMRWJ1jyTlJkgvwzte7B9WSOvTUNg,2428
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Kralendijk,sha256=ZGEIylAZ5iy_rIBsXREtH_ZfWRIkLI9dQjP_EIyn3sY,186
pytz/zoneinfo/America/La_Paz,sha256=PAGF2VU_QOw2xT1Cqdp2P8Aj9hXMVWlCByV7cvfIQ_k,232
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Lima,sha256=JHDCg95uw6BEu4a4Gfyikm1s8rm8AsYPG8dJxQQNZFs,406
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Los_Angeles,sha256=VOy1PikdjiVdJ7lukVGzwl8uDxV_KYqznkTm5BLEiDM,2836
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Louisville,sha256=-yqgeeHZdq6oP3_WzVvYOmqV9HQv8y7ZWmc9bzHvJAY,2772
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Lower_Princes,sha256=ZGEIylAZ5iy_rIBsXREtH_ZfWRIkLI9dQjP_EIyn3sY,186
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Maceio,sha256=pzjNghmeHhvF4aI3cDq2G_5t71BSNGIbRAF5NmJyDmw,744
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Managua,sha256=xBzF01AHn2E2fD8Qdy-DHFe36UqoeNpKPfChduBKWdk,430
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Manaus,sha256=lp6RlkcXJQ7mSsKqnEgC8svJVrFDJk_16xxvfpNSpK4,604
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Marigot,sha256=17gT2eOVMFKJF_sypwDPudkFwGEijrRfkBU-aK3FL60,148
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Martinique,sha256=fMs80kOU2YFvC0f9y2eje97JeAtTYBamXrnlTunNLzQ,232
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Matamoros,sha256=RlEMOT_zvCLQ8s7TNvRE2PnC4H9JrxO7MGxmfu5xPPI,1390
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Mazatlan,sha256=aIyre-8trAXSHtqxbuu6gDDkWCUjI_SdAKPIjz74M2E,1526
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Mendoza,sha256=5DJiYYeQpcLBR_IoIJtk43IswJeGYawx5GykszuJ-Nw,1076
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Menominee,sha256=Arv9WLbfhNcpRsUjHDU757BEdwlp08Gt30AixG3gZ04,2274
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Merida,sha256=BJQ5mzAT-akb_EA7WqGdNheCorDqLBnDS_4X3YJz0rc,1422
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Metlakatla,sha256=twmieGTVY2V-U8nFxqvx7asYv8GVjeWdLtrOI7UApVI,1423
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Mexico_City,sha256=DSpTe5TT0KBsxGx79Rs7ah-zJpiGOJKwPjztovRN0b4,1584
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Miquelon,sha256=LNbkN87EnZUa41Xizko5VIN55EyQvf5Kk5b5AfNQG8Q,1666
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Moncton,sha256=Wmv-bk9aKKcWWzOpc1UFu67HOfwaIk2Wmh3LgqGctys,3154
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Monterrey,sha256=HA4yn9jQHk9i0PqiB7fSoFdzXtB1DT1cheGRPXrQNdQ,1390
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Montevideo,sha256=4jcgTegK5X8F0yNYzk-3oySZ4U9XQ09UbTJ_mlu8N70,1510
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Montreal,sha256=ggOSzbHkmfgu9wTQzP0MUKsrKMbgveuAeThh1eFl1a0,3494
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Montserrat,sha256=17gT2eOVMFKJF_sypwDPudkFwGEijrRfkBU-aK3FL60,148
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Nassau,sha256=TLJ7tbx0ZIFwvAYgF97DWv9eJ4hmeb5n3RJPWI-uOyM,2258
pytz/zoneinfo/America/New_York,sha256=7AoiEGjr3wV4P7C4Qs35COZqwr2mjNDq7ocpsSPFOM8,3536
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Nipigon,sha256=EGPXcOin8mfzFTkYJm4ICpY7fyE24I2pXg4ejafSMyU,2122
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Nome,sha256=2izM3-P-PqJ9za6MdhzFfMvPFNq7Gim69tAvEwPeY2s,2367
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Noronha,sha256=3R4lLV8jg5SljhC5OVVCk51Y77Efjo6zCe-oppg_FFo,716
pytz/zoneinfo/America/North_Dakota/Beulah,sha256=PHlzEk3wsNXYsfMZZSio7ZfdnyxPFpOhK3dS-1AJKGg,2380
pytz/zoneinfo/America/North_Dakota/Center,sha256=PaM52_JOVMEpVdw5qiOlhkp3qA0xp0d6Z9neOatmLKo,2380
pytz/zoneinfo/America/North_Dakota/New_Salem,sha256=o0xmH1FUh3lVFLtP5Lb9c0PfSyaPTsRvQSQYwnn_yls,2380
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Ojinaga,sha256=cO3V-x_1Q-mpbJgKNd6-WTfxDEHBV1aqS4wzVl5A0Q4,1484
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Panama,sha256=kayA_pdpMcSQ0FjIzotdcf-m1JYfbKE-qcFT8LC8zqA,182
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Pangnirtung,sha256=P9Kw_I-NxcUYJIr1j40jTn9q7F8TPAE_FqXsfLYF86A,2094
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Paramaribo,sha256=Hm5tDwUmnoTrTUPEO4WArfSF74ZjywVEocy4kL51FzA,262
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Phoenix,sha256=nEOwYOnGxENw9zW8m50PGxbtVfTrX3QYAo4x4LgOLfI,328
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Port-au-Prince,sha256=09ZAJd4IOiMpfdpUuF1U44R_hRt6BvpAkFXOnYO9yOM,1434
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Port_of_Spain,sha256=17gT2eOVMFKJF_sypwDPudkFwGEijrRfkBU-aK3FL60,148
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Porto_Acre,sha256=17onkm8P_VgMkErjK9rr0qwNni7qp9tgcUZ93g3ltOs,628
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Porto_Velho,sha256=ZRfzgGEu26hnl3JPtiZLOSFGj_WBSbOKdiLC1xIyc5c,576
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Puerto_Rico,sha256=hJHlV_-AGoMGUWuMpZRv9fLmghrzFHfrR9fRkcxaZJc,246
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Punta_Arenas,sha256=kpqStczF3X0yK0lwOcxmwbQM8ZV9MrNktm7orJF-EJc,1902
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Rainy_River,sha256=r6kx6lD2IzCdygkj-DKyL2tPSn7k0Zil7PSHCBFKOa0,2122
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Rankin_Inlet,sha256=KpQX97-EuF4MNyxQrtOKP616CK_vjniM-lo14WGVz0c,1892
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Recife,sha256=ijFN2ZzZe5oBYdl8Ag3SwmGjj2JeVYYX2Vo767g2s6I,716
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Regina,sha256=yjqT08pHbICYe83H8JmtaDBvCFqRv7Tfze3Y8xuXukw,980
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Resolute,sha256=VP_u5XsepfSwx7Ou9zjGw2p5Qi10AIA54sP1J2DkppM,1892
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Rio_Branco,sha256=17onkm8P_VgMkErjK9rr0qwNni7qp9tgcUZ93g3ltOs,628
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Rosario,sha256=1XqIP8Qo2bPR7909hrAI-qAttybmwEW4ms7FjZA5Yfw,1076
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Santa_Isabel,sha256=OHHtvy3J70z6wvKBHgPqMEnGs6SXp8fkf0WX9ZiOODk,2342
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Santarem,sha256=Gl_lI3pPZ57UIYXWcmaTpFqWDA5re6bHh1nWs_Z0-Nc,602
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Santiago,sha256=GB14PW0xABV283dXc8qL-nnDW-ViFUR3bne7sg0Aido,2529
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Santo_Domingo,sha256=DKtaEj8fQ92ybITTWU4Bm160S9pzJmUVbjaWRnenxU4,458
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Sao_Paulo,sha256=cO3VGekMGdSf1y4f_UgkpDMRes26-l1oGUoDglIiUQg,1444
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Scoresbysund,sha256=dfHb86egoiNykb3bR3OHXpGFPm_Apck8BLiVTCqVAVc,1916
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Shiprock,sha256=6_yPo1_mvnt9DgpPzr0QdHsjdsfUG6ALnagQLML1DSM,2444
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Sitka,sha256=aiS7Fk37hZpzZ9VkeJQeF-BqTLRC1QOTCgMAJwT8UxA,2329
pytz/zoneinfo/America/St_Barthelemy,sha256=17gT2eOVMFKJF_sypwDPudkFwGEijrRfkBU-aK3FL60,148
pytz/zoneinfo/America/St_Johns,sha256=r1-17uKv27eZ3JsVkw_DLZQbo6wvjuuVu7C2pDsmOgI,3655
pytz/zoneinfo/America/St_Kitts,sha256=17gT2eOVMFKJF_sypwDPudkFwGEijrRfkBU-aK3FL60,148
pytz/zoneinfo/America/St_Lucia,sha256=17gT2eOVMFKJF_sypwDPudkFwGEijrRfkBU-aK3FL60,148
pytz/zoneinfo/America/St_Thomas,sha256=17gT2eOVMFKJF_sypwDPudkFwGEijrRfkBU-aK3FL60,148
pytz/zoneinfo/America/St_Vincent,sha256=17gT2eOVMFKJF_sypwDPudkFwGEijrRfkBU-aK3FL60,148
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Swift_Current,sha256=RRKOF7vZC8VvYxD8PP4J1_hUPayKBP7Lu80avRkfPDY,560
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Tegucigalpa,sha256=EzOz7ntTlreMq69JZ2CcAb8Ps98V9bUMN480tpPIyw4,252
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Thule,sha256=8xuPRaZU8RgO5ECqFYHYmnHioc81sBOailkVu8Y02i8,1502
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Thunder_Bay,sha256=cJ9lcf2mDZttEx_ttYYoZAJfuGhSsDgNV2PI-ggWdPE,2202
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Tijuana,sha256=OHHtvy3J70z6wvKBHgPqMEnGs6SXp8fkf0WX9ZiOODk,2342
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Toronto,sha256=ggOSzbHkmfgu9wTQzP0MUKsrKMbgveuAeThh1eFl1a0,3494
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Tortola,sha256=17gT2eOVMFKJF_sypwDPudkFwGEijrRfkBU-aK3FL60,148
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Vancouver,sha256=sknKH0jSPWam-DHfM35qXs8Nam7d5TFlkUI9Sgxryyg,2892
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Virgin,sha256=17gT2eOVMFKJF_sypwDPudkFwGEijrRfkBU-aK3FL60,148
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Whitehorse,sha256=agbpCco506MSV46rKLEkJd7_RTjinyaBbScQIUDZM00,2084
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Winnipeg,sha256=7P-_YQrneFcon7QKSTOnkiGjEppFDn3Z48MJ1qq8VBw,2868
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Yakutat,sha256=tFwnKbvwhyyn4LNTAn5ye_JWDdxjCerNDt7oOwUwO2M,2305
pytz/zoneinfo/America/Yellowknife,sha256=pfFvC8NEy373KbO6r6ec-Gw_O0D2h64mXU1X1AsUDgE,1966
pytz/zoneinfo/Antarctica/Casey,sha256=vIZdw_xcBjOYXXzwLw6XP_juvNbNf4Jd-cEWhwH7OCY,297
pytz/zoneinfo/Antarctica/Davis,sha256=6PokyOaaISRTN13sisuGgdt5vG5A2YqNooJpfLTb5SQ,297
pytz/zoneinfo/Antarctica/DumontDUrville,sha256=g8HQLY-aN3p6az-04KdHOdZYFnN__-8ltHRuY9eQX-I,194
pytz/zoneinfo/Antarctica/Macquarie,sha256=gMOjOx2dSBH4KxwGKivcaorkLUvw6ZIHFBPKCPCz9eg,1520
pytz/zoneinfo/Antarctica/Mawson,sha256=9TW1g_z0tk5EfeB7K69VJo8agO7-K9ZxWbiqNKnUZNE,199
pytz/zoneinfo/Antarctica/McMurdo,sha256=gADjoyPo_QISQU6UJrAgcHp3HDaMoOFRdH-d23uBSyc,2437
pytz/zoneinfo/Antarctica/Palmer,sha256=DW_DXByXg5MnMZ-w1bNdu8b0lKOYD_EgrPRd5EcyEm4,1418
pytz/zoneinfo/Antarctica/Rothera,sha256=QQI1m1IN4_2e6Bb0z-rOYaOwxp4XjMJDOKM9SFDUPKg,164
pytz/zoneinfo/Antarctica/South_Pole,sha256=gADjoyPo_QISQU6UJrAgcHp3HDaMoOFRdH-d23uBSyc,2437
pytz/zoneinfo/Antarctica/Syowa,sha256=VnmdVypdJUhsBw1XuXZEcEQIFmoiqoYcdpl8ht37QgY,165
pytz/zoneinfo/Antarctica/Troll,sha256=3zrh-P_jMCss9GGwHJJHkypZZydq4mkgo_TDqctn3c4,1162
pytz/zoneinfo/Antarctica/Vostok,sha256=6tx86WD3MVGJBCbOJUCoA6YlGwCn2BT4B85Zss0vz4Y,165
pytz/zoneinfo/Arctic/Longyearbyen,sha256=UdCERhj1JYpx3ojmilaRoyVoR4qMA1-PEv6hGwnpsJA,2228
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Aden,sha256=rq9KPj8l0FBnnKn93WkMeA1IngNtTzk5_oV4sEZhc4w,165
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Almaty,sha256=rBIl_pqZNmKZabjEa4mcsLahl9PbAdZJpQMQLVmcfBU,997
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Amman,sha256=bvwhc1hPCGvQMqWzaoCHrCA_y78n3H-Z2t4wHSocuAw,1853
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Anadyr,sha256=hDDTly45ejoVVP9Al07TmKpTACNGJaIPlcXLRbsG_4g,1188
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Aqtau,sha256=A5exZN256JagFJTcasgdCrQ8giOqZ2EFMRVYBWTaqZA,983
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pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Ashgabat,sha256=L4DYV2mZWycsYeHIypXzO6ZNY3tD8wjgxfPR2ZPW26c,619
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Ashkhabad,sha256=L4DYV2mZWycsYeHIypXzO6ZNY3tD8wjgxfPR2ZPW26c,619
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Atyrau,sha256=3uEo89ORyDJqQ_TtaQdIf9UPaB8WqIRQVi0geeY9gVE,991
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Baghdad,sha256=lQMSUnOuijbcoTaCqMNnYhnvKtS2IVP_kXFAzePVNDU,983
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Bahrain,sha256=V0rFJdLHIrToJ5Wl28VzVowwCVZoY8ZZSeNp-7kOvjY,199
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Baku,sha256=vhHnliaOdRyNudl0sFJFdLynEg0Hc0I-IiZNfbDeCbM,1227
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Bangkok,sha256=eYq0vh89N1j069URoQvtBu0ndEal6FPrtbF8WCKKpDw,199
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pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Beirut,sha256=_Z_2ZAg_iL9vU51JDB8CB04uXBDrf1kLIis-JnXaS2o,2154
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Bishkek,sha256=do_4ki1JvSKupUrvlz9jRkHspDhdvk1D2IkByFskjJM,983
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Brunei,sha256=BMMjwEmZ9rMoNpWfg8IrlLhRbMKbdW48padRF-FGolc,203
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Calcutta,sha256=6Qw0EDbLcgMgDik8s7UTJn4QSjmllPNeGVJU5rwKF88,285
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Chita,sha256=4ICOcAVAEWnP-cdf_YJu1_kCYnYPG2_vYfSbuNI-VwI,1221
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Choibalsan,sha256=sJQAAjiT9VyG73dYhpYkq4tcmfITcPpiAa8YXsDlKag,949
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Chongqing,sha256=-fm6S1oS3D2M1qZpgZBlGQnyQrEwixXmz4NsHzmDzWU,533
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Chungking,sha256=-fm6S1oS3D2M1qZpgZBlGQnyQrEwixXmz4NsHzmDzWU,533
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Colombo,sha256=HGea9jswIIgz7k20LTzbKtQyUun67IP5HvsZrmAJZJY,372
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Dacca,sha256=3K5llGhcpCdZMMcJuomICVv7lZlDRpU4PUb5DtFx8l4,337
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Damascus,sha256=6mcB6bxH1KsLqzb_LmJUT3tUDnq9_ScLFKoMFkcZy3A,2294
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Dhaka,sha256=3K5llGhcpCdZMMcJuomICVv7lZlDRpU4PUb5DtFx8l4,337
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Dili,sha256=ptjbacc9JK0pv2JpD-gHMglrwYNj9LMMIua0U0ZTMUc,227
pytz/zoneinfo/Asia/Dubai,sha256=-ga0m3ua9Y6kSWREz2_VdtcVAkq83WrW3vxjBI7WNGs,165
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Root-Is-Purelib: true
Tag: py2-none-any
Tag: py3-none-any
{"classifiers": ["Development Status :: 6 - Mature", "Intended Audience :: Developers", "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License", "Natural Language :: English", "Operating System :: OS Independent", "Programming Language :: Python", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.4", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.5", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.0", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.1", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6", "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules"], "download_url": "https://pypi.org/project/pytz/", "extensions": {"python.details": {"contacts": [{"email": "stuart@stuartbishop.net", "name": "Stuart Bishop", "role": "author"}, {"email": "stuart@stuartbishop.net", "name": "Stuart Bishop", "role": "maintainer"}], "document_names": {"description": "DESCRIPTION.rst", "license": "LICENSE.txt"}, "project_urls": {"Home": "http://pythonhosted.org/pytz"}}}, "generator": "bdist_wheel (0.30.0)", "keywords": ["timezone", "tzinfo", "datetime", "olson", "time"], "license": "MIT", "metadata_version": "2.0", "name": "pytz", "platform": "Independent", "summary": "World timezone definitions, modern and historical", "version": "2019.3"}
\ No newline at end of file
'''
datetime.tzinfo timezone definitions generated from the
Olson timezone database:
ftp://elsie.nci.nih.gov/pub/tz*.tar.gz
See the datetime section of the Python Library Reference for information
on how to use these modules.
'''
import sys
import datetime
import os.path
from pytz.exceptions import AmbiguousTimeError
from pytz.exceptions import InvalidTimeError
from pytz.exceptions import NonExistentTimeError
from pytz.exceptions import UnknownTimeZoneError
from pytz.lazy import LazyDict, LazyList, LazySet # noqa
from pytz.tzinfo import unpickler, BaseTzInfo
from pytz.tzfile import build_tzinfo
# The IANA (nee Olson) database is updated several times a year.
OLSON_VERSION = '2019c'
VERSION = '2019.3' # pip compatible version number.
__version__ = VERSION
OLSEN_VERSION = OLSON_VERSION # Old releases had this misspelling
__all__ = [
'timezone', 'utc', 'country_timezones', 'country_names',
'AmbiguousTimeError', 'InvalidTimeError',
'NonExistentTimeError', 'UnknownTimeZoneError',
'all_timezones', 'all_timezones_set',
'common_timezones', 'common_timezones_set',
'BaseTzInfo',
]
if sys.version_info[0] > 2: # Python 3.x
# Python 3.x doesn't have unicode(), making writing code
# for Python 2.3 and Python 3.x a pain.
unicode = str
def ascii(s):
r"""
>>> ascii('Hello')
'Hello'
>>> ascii('\N{TRADE MARK SIGN}') #doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
UnicodeEncodeError: ...
"""
if type(s) == bytes:
s = s.decode('ASCII')
else:
s.encode('ASCII') # Raise an exception if not ASCII
return s # But the string - not a byte string.
else: # Python 2.x
def ascii(s):
r"""
>>> ascii('Hello')
'Hello'
>>> ascii(u'Hello')
'Hello'
>>> ascii(u'\N{TRADE MARK SIGN}') #doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
UnicodeEncodeError: ...
"""
return s.encode('ASCII')
def open_resource(name):
"""Open a resource from the zoneinfo subdir for reading.
Uses the pkg_resources module if available and no standard file
found at the calculated location.
It is possible to specify different location for zoneinfo
subdir by using the PYTZ_TZDATADIR environment variable.
"""
name_parts = name.lstrip('/').split('/')
for part in name_parts:
if part == os.path.pardir or os.path.sep in part:
raise ValueError('Bad path segment: %r' % part)
zoneinfo_dir = os.environ.get('PYTZ_TZDATADIR', None)
if zoneinfo_dir is not None:
filename = os.path.join(zoneinfo_dir, *name_parts)
else:
filename = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
'zoneinfo', *name_parts)
if not os.path.exists(filename):
# http://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/383171 - we avoid using this
# unless absolutely necessary to help when a broken version of
# pkg_resources is installed.
try:
from pkg_resources import resource_stream
except ImportError:
resource_stream = None
if resource_stream is not None:
return resource_stream(__name__, 'zoneinfo/' + name)
return open(filename, 'rb')
def resource_exists(name):
"""Return true if the given resource exists"""
try:
open_resource(name).close()
return True
except IOError:
return False
_tzinfo_cache = {}
def timezone(zone):
r''' Return a datetime.tzinfo implementation for the given timezone
>>> from datetime import datetime, timedelta
>>> utc = timezone('UTC')
>>> eastern = timezone('US/Eastern')
>>> eastern.zone
'US/Eastern'
>>> timezone(unicode('US/Eastern')) is eastern
True
>>> utc_dt = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 6, 0, 0, tzinfo=utc)
>>> loc_dt = utc_dt.astimezone(eastern)
>>> fmt = '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z (%z)'
>>> loc_dt.strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 01:00:00 EST (-0500)'
>>> (loc_dt - timedelta(minutes=10)).strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 00:50:00 EST (-0500)'
>>> eastern.normalize(loc_dt - timedelta(minutes=10)).strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 01:50:00 EDT (-0400)'
>>> (loc_dt + timedelta(minutes=10)).strftime(fmt)
'2002-10-27 01:10:00 EST (-0500)'
Raises UnknownTimeZoneError if passed an unknown zone.
>>> try:
... timezone('Asia/Shangri-La')
... except UnknownTimeZoneError:
... print('Unknown')
Unknown
>>> try:
... timezone(unicode('\N{TRADE MARK SIGN}'))
... except UnknownTimeZoneError:
... print('Unknown')
Unknown
'''
if zone is None:
raise UnknownTimeZoneError(None)
if zone.upper() == 'UTC':
return utc
try:
zone = ascii(zone)
except UnicodeEncodeError:
# All valid timezones are ASCII
raise UnknownTimeZoneError(zone)
zone = _case_insensitive_zone_lookup(_unmunge_zone(zone))
if zone not in _tzinfo_cache:
if zone in all_timezones_set: # noqa
fp = open_resource(zone)
try:
_tzinfo_cache[zone] = build_tzinfo(zone, fp)
finally:
fp.close()
else:
raise UnknownTimeZoneError(zone)
return _tzinfo_cache[zone]
def _unmunge_zone(zone):
"""Undo the time zone name munging done by older versions of pytz."""
return zone.replace('_plus_', '+').replace('_minus_', '-')
_all_timezones_lower_to_standard = None
def _case_insensitive_zone_lookup(zone):
"""case-insensitively matching timezone, else return zone unchanged"""
global _all_timezones_lower_to_standard
if _all_timezones_lower_to_standard is None:
_all_timezones_lower_to_standard = dict((tz.lower(), tz) for tz in all_timezones) # noqa
return _all_timezones_lower_to_standard.get(zone.lower()) or zone # noqa
ZERO = datetime.timedelta(0)
HOUR = datetime.timedelta(hours=1)
class UTC(BaseTzInfo):
"""UTC
Optimized UTC implementation. It unpickles using the single module global
instance defined beneath this class declaration.
"""
zone = "UTC"
_utcoffset = ZERO
_dst = ZERO
_tzname = zone
def fromutc(self, dt):
if dt.tzinfo is None:
return self.localize(dt)
return super(utc.__class__, self).fromutc(dt)
def utcoffset(self, dt):
return ZERO
def tzname(self, dt):
return "UTC"
def dst(self, dt):
return ZERO
def __reduce__(self):
return _UTC, ()
def localize(self, dt, is_dst=False):
'''Convert naive time to local time'''
if dt.tzinfo is not None:
raise ValueError('Not naive datetime (tzinfo is already set)')
return dt.replace(tzinfo=self)
def normalize(self, dt, is_dst=False):
'''Correct the timezone information on the given datetime'''
if dt.tzinfo is self:
return dt
if dt.tzinfo is None:
raise ValueError('Naive time - no tzinfo set')
return dt.astimezone(self)
def __repr__(self):
return "<UTC>"
def __str__(self):
return "UTC"
UTC = utc = UTC() # UTC is a singleton
def _UTC():
"""Factory function for utc unpickling.
Makes sure that unpickling a utc instance always returns the same
module global.
These examples belong in the UTC class above, but it is obscured; or in
the README.txt, but we are not depending on Python 2.4 so integrating
the README.txt examples with the unit tests is not trivial.
>>> import datetime, pickle
>>> dt = datetime.datetime(2005, 3, 1, 14, 13, 21, tzinfo=utc)
>>> naive = dt.replace(tzinfo=None)
>>> p = pickle.dumps(dt, 1)
>>> naive_p = pickle.dumps(naive, 1)
>>> len(p) - len(naive_p)
17
>>> new = pickle.loads(p)
>>> new == dt
True
>>> new is dt
False
>>> new.tzinfo is dt.tzinfo
True
>>> utc is UTC is timezone('UTC')
True
>>> utc is timezone('GMT')
False
"""
return utc
_UTC.__safe_for_unpickling__ = True
def _p(*args):
"""Factory function for unpickling pytz tzinfo instances.
Just a wrapper around tzinfo.unpickler to save a few bytes in each pickle
by shortening the path.
"""
return unpickler(*args)
_p.__safe_for_unpickling__ = True
class _CountryTimezoneDict(LazyDict):
"""Map ISO 3166 country code to a list of timezone names commonly used
in that country.
iso3166_code is the two letter code used to identify the country.
>>> def print_list(list_of_strings):
... 'We use a helper so doctests work under Python 2.3 -> 3.x'
... for s in list_of_strings:
... print(s)
>>> print_list(country_timezones['nz'])
Pacific/Auckland
Pacific/Chatham
>>> print_list(country_timezones['ch'])
Europe/Zurich
>>> print_list(country_timezones['CH'])
Europe/Zurich
>>> print_list(country_timezones[unicode('ch')])
Europe/Zurich
>>> print_list(country_timezones['XXX'])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
KeyError: 'XXX'
Previously, this information was exposed as a function rather than a
dictionary. This is still supported::
>>> print_list(country_timezones('nz'))
Pacific/Auckland
Pacific/Chatham
"""
def __call__(self, iso3166_code):
"""Backwards compatibility."""
return self[iso3166_code]
def _fill(self):
data = {}
zone_tab = open_resource('zone.tab')
try:
for line in zone_tab:
line = line.decode('UTF-8')
if line.startswith('#'):
continue
code, coordinates, zone = line.split(None, 4)[:3]
if zone not in all_timezones_set: # noqa
continue
try:
data[code].append(zone)
except KeyError:
data[code] = [zone]
self.data = data
finally:
zone_tab.close()
country_timezones = _CountryTimezoneDict()
class _CountryNameDict(LazyDict):
'''Dictionary proving ISO3166 code -> English name.
>>> print(country_names['au'])
Australia
'''
def _fill(self):
data = {}
zone_tab = open_resource('iso3166.tab')
try:
for line in zone_tab.readlines():
line = line.decode('UTF-8')
if line.startswith('#'):
continue
code, name = line.split(None, 1)
data[code] = name.strip()
self.data = data
finally:
zone_tab.close()
country_names = _CountryNameDict()
# Time-zone info based solely on fixed offsets
class _FixedOffset(datetime.tzinfo):
zone = None # to match the standard pytz API
def __init__(self, minutes):
if abs(minutes) >= 1440:
raise ValueError("absolute offset is too large", minutes)
self._minutes = minutes
self._offset = datetime.timedelta(minutes=minutes)
def utcoffset(self, dt):
return self._offset
def __reduce__(self):
return FixedOffset, (self._minutes, )
def dst(self, dt):
return ZERO
def tzname(self, dt):
return None
def __repr__(self):
return 'pytz.FixedOffset(%d)' % self._minutes
def localize(self, dt, is_dst=False):
'''Convert naive time to local time'''
if dt.tzinfo is not None:
raise ValueError('Not naive datetime (tzinfo is already set)')
return dt.replace(tzinfo=self)
def normalize(self, dt, is_dst=False):
'''Correct the timezone information on the given datetime'''
if dt.tzinfo is self:
return dt
if dt.tzinfo is None:
raise ValueError('Naive time - no tzinfo set')
return dt.astimezone(self)
def FixedOffset(offset, _tzinfos={}):
"""return a fixed-offset timezone based off a number of minutes.
>>> one = FixedOffset(-330)
>>> one
pytz.FixedOffset(-330)
>>> str(one.utcoffset(datetime.datetime.now()))
'-1 day, 18:30:00'
>>> str(one.dst(datetime.datetime.now()))
'0:00:00'
>>> two = FixedOffset(1380)
>>> two
pytz.FixedOffset(1380)
>>> str(two.utcoffset(datetime.datetime.now()))
'23:00:00'
>>> str(two.dst(datetime.datetime.now()))
'0:00:00'
The datetime.timedelta must be between the range of -1 and 1 day,
non-inclusive.
>>> FixedOffset(1440)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: ('absolute offset is too large', 1440)
>>> FixedOffset(-1440)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: ('absolute offset is too large', -1440)
An offset of 0 is special-cased to return UTC.
>>> FixedOffset(0) is UTC
True
There should always be only one instance of a FixedOffset per timedelta.
This should be true for multiple creation calls.
>>> FixedOffset(-330) is one
True
>>> FixedOffset(1380) is two
True
It should also be true for pickling.
>>> import pickle
>>> pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(one)) is one
True
>>> pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(two)) is two
True
"""
if offset == 0:
return UTC
info = _tzinfos.get(offset)
if info is None:
# We haven't seen this one before. we need to save it.
# Use setdefault to avoid a race condition and make sure we have
# only one
info = _tzinfos.setdefault(offset, _FixedOffset(offset))
return info
FixedOffset.__safe_for_unpickling__ = True
def _test():
import doctest
sys.path.insert(0, os.pardir)
import pytz
return doctest.testmod(pytz)
if __name__ == '__main__':
_test()
all_timezones = \
['Africa/Abidjan',
'Africa/Accra',
'Africa/Addis_Ababa',
'Africa/Algiers',
'Africa/Asmara',
'Africa/Asmera',
'Africa/Bamako',
'Africa/Bangui',
'Africa/Banjul',
'Africa/Bissau',
'Africa/Blantyre',
'Africa/Brazzaville',
'Africa/Bujumbura',
'Africa/Cairo',
'Africa/Casablanca',
'Africa/Ceuta',
'Africa/Conakry',
'Africa/Dakar',
'Africa/Dar_es_Salaam',
'Africa/Djibouti',
'Africa/Douala',
'Africa/El_Aaiun',
'Africa/Freetown',
'Africa/Gaborone',
'Africa/Harare',
'Africa/Johannesburg',
'Africa/Juba',
'Africa/Kampala',
'Africa/Khartoum',
'Africa/Kigali',
'Africa/Kinshasa',
'Africa/Lagos',
'Africa/Libreville',
'Africa/Lome',
'Africa/Luanda',
'Africa/Lubumbashi',
'Africa/Lusaka',
'Africa/Malabo',
'Africa/Maputo',
'Africa/Maseru',
'Africa/Mbabane',
'Africa/Mogadishu',
'Africa/Monrovia',
'Africa/Nairobi',
'Africa/Ndjamena',
'Africa/Niamey',
'Africa/Nouakchott',
'Africa/Ouagadougou',
'Africa/Porto-Novo',
'Africa/Sao_Tome',
'Africa/Timbuktu',
'Africa/Tripoli',
'Africa/Tunis',
'Africa/Windhoek',
'America/Adak',
'America/Anchorage',
'America/Anguilla',
'America/Antigua',
'America/Araguaina',
'America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires',
'America/Argentina/Catamarca',
'America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia',
'America/Argentina/Cordoba',
'America/Argentina/Jujuy',
'America/Argentina/La_Rioja',
'America/Argentina/Mendoza',
'America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos',
'America/Argentina/Salta',
'America/Argentina/San_Juan',
'America/Argentina/San_Luis',
'America/Argentina/Tucuman',
'America/Argentina/Ushuaia',
'America/Aruba',
'America/Asuncion',
'America/Atikokan',
'America/Atka',
'America/Bahia',
'America/Bahia_Banderas',
'America/Barbados',
'America/Belem',
'America/Belize',
'America/Blanc-Sablon',
'America/Boa_Vista',
'America/Bogota',
'America/Boise',
'America/Buenos_Aires',
'America/Cambridge_Bay',
'America/Campo_Grande',
'America/Cancun',
'America/Caracas',
'America/Catamarca',
'America/Cayenne',
'America/Cayman',
'America/Chicago',
'America/Chihuahua',
'America/Coral_Harbour',
'America/Cordoba',
'America/Costa_Rica',
'America/Creston',
'America/Cuiaba',
'America/Curacao',
'America/Danmarkshavn',
'America/Dawson',
'America/Dawson_Creek',
'America/Denver',
'America/Detroit',
'America/Dominica',
'America/Edmonton',
'America/Eirunepe',
'America/El_Salvador',
'America/Ensenada',
'America/Fort_Nelson',
'America/Fort_Wayne',
'America/Fortaleza',
'America/Glace_Bay',
'America/Godthab',
'America/Goose_Bay',
'America/Grand_Turk',
'America/Grenada',
'America/Guadeloupe',
'America/Guatemala',
'America/Guayaquil',
'America/Guyana',
'America/Halifax',
'America/Havana',
'America/Hermosillo',
'America/Indiana/Indianapolis',
'America/Indiana/Knox',
'America/Indiana/Marengo',
'America/Indiana/Petersburg',
'America/Indiana/Tell_City',
'America/Indiana/Vevay',
'America/Indiana/Vincennes',
'America/Indiana/Winamac',
'America/Indianapolis',
'America/Inuvik',
'America/Iqaluit',
'America/Jamaica',
'America/Jujuy',
'America/Juneau',
'America/Kentucky/Louisville',
'America/Kentucky/Monticello',
'America/Knox_IN',
'America/Kralendijk',
'America/La_Paz',
'America/Lima',
'America/Los_Angeles',
'America/Louisville',
'America/Lower_Princes',
'America/Maceio',
'America/Managua',
'America/Manaus',
'America/Marigot',
'America/Martinique',
'America/Matamoros',
'America/Mazatlan',
'America/Mendoza',
'America/Menominee',
'America/Merida',
'America/Metlakatla',
'America/Mexico_City',
'America/Miquelon',
'America/Moncton',
'America/Monterrey',
'America/Montevideo',
'America/Montreal',
'America/Montserrat',
'America/Nassau',
'America/New_York',
'America/Nipigon',
'America/Nome',
'America/Noronha',
'America/North_Dakota/Beulah',
'America/North_Dakota/Center',
'America/North_Dakota/New_Salem',
'America/Ojinaga',
'America/Panama',
'America/Pangnirtung',
'America/Paramaribo',
'America/Phoenix',
'America/Port-au-Prince',
'America/Port_of_Spain',
'America/Porto_Acre',
'America/Porto_Velho',
'America/Puerto_Rico',
'America/Punta_Arenas',
'America/Rainy_River',
'America/Rankin_Inlet',
'America/Recife',
'America/Regina',
'America/Resolute',
'America/Rio_Branco',
'America/Rosario',
'America/Santa_Isabel',
'America/Santarem',
'America/Santiago',
'America/Santo_Domingo',
'America/Sao_Paulo',
'America/Scoresbysund',
'America/Shiprock',
'America/Sitka',
'America/St_Barthelemy',
'America/St_Johns',
'America/St_Kitts',
'America/St_Lucia',
'America/St_Thomas',
'America/St_Vincent',
'America/Swift_Current',
'America/Tegucigalpa',
'America/Thule',
'America/Thunder_Bay',
'America/Tijuana',
'America/Toronto',
'America/Tortola',
'America/Vancouver',
'America/Virgin',
'America/Whitehorse',
'America/Winnipeg',
'America/Yakutat',
'America/Yellowknife',
'Antarctica/Casey',
'Antarctica/Davis',
'Antarctica/DumontDUrville',
'Antarctica/Macquarie',
'Antarctica/Mawson',
'Antarctica/McMurdo',
'Antarctica/Palmer',
'Antarctica/Rothera',
'Antarctica/South_Pole',
'Antarctica/Syowa',
'Antarctica/Troll',
'Antarctica/Vostok',
'Arctic/Longyearbyen',
'Asia/Aden',
'Asia/Almaty',
'Asia/Amman',
'Asia/Anadyr',
'Asia/Aqtau',
'Asia/Aqtobe',
'Asia/Ashgabat',
'Asia/Ashkhabad',
'Asia/Atyrau',
'Asia/Baghdad',
'Asia/Bahrain',
'Asia/Baku',
'Asia/Bangkok',
'Asia/Barnaul',
'Asia/Beirut',
'Asia/Bishkek',
'Asia/Brunei',
'Asia/Calcutta',
'Asia/Chita',
'Asia/Choibalsan',
'Asia/Chongqing',
'Asia/Chungking',
'Asia/Colombo',
'Asia/Dacca',
'Asia/Damascus',
'Asia/Dhaka',
'Asia/Dili',
'Asia/Dubai',
'Asia/Dushanbe',
'Asia/Famagusta',
'Asia/Gaza',
'Asia/Harbin',
'Asia/Hebron',
'Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh',
'Asia/Hong_Kong',
'Asia/Hovd',
'Asia/Irkutsk',
'Asia/Istanbul',
'Asia/Jakarta',
'Asia/Jayapura',
'Asia/Jerusalem',
'Asia/Kabul',
'Asia/Kamchatka',
'Asia/Karachi',
'Asia/Kashgar',
'Asia/Kathmandu',
'Asia/Katmandu',
'Asia/Khandyga',
'Asia/Kolkata',
'Asia/Krasnoyarsk',
'Asia/Kuala_Lumpur',
'Asia/Kuching',
'Asia/Kuwait',
'Asia/Macao',
'Asia/Macau',
'Asia/Magadan',
'Asia/Makassar',
'Asia/Manila',
'Asia/Muscat',
'Asia/Nicosia',
'Asia/Novokuznetsk',
'Asia/Novosibirsk',
'Asia/Omsk',
'Asia/Oral',
'Asia/Phnom_Penh',
'Asia/Pontianak',
'Asia/Pyongyang',
'Asia/Qatar',
'Asia/Qostanay',
'Asia/Qyzylorda',
'Asia/Rangoon',
'Asia/Riyadh',
'Asia/Saigon',
'Asia/Sakhalin',
'Asia/Samarkand',
'Asia/Seoul',
'Asia/Shanghai',
'Asia/Singapore',
'Asia/Srednekolymsk',
'Asia/Taipei',
'Asia/Tashkent',
'Asia/Tbilisi',
'Asia/Tehran',
'Asia/Tel_Aviv',
'Asia/Thimbu',
'Asia/Thimphu',
'Asia/Tokyo',
'Asia/Tomsk',
'Asia/Ujung_Pandang',
'Asia/Ulaanbaatar',
'Asia/Ulan_Bator',
'Asia/Urumqi',
'Asia/Ust-Nera',
'Asia/Vientiane',
'Asia/Vladivostok',
'Asia/Yakutsk',
'Asia/Yangon',
'Asia/Yekaterinburg',
'Asia/Yerevan',
'Atlantic/Azores',
'Atlantic/Bermuda',
'Atlantic/Canary',
'Atlantic/Cape_Verde',
'Atlantic/Faeroe',
'Atlantic/Faroe',
'Atlantic/Jan_Mayen',
'Atlantic/Madeira',
'Atlantic/Reykjavik',
'Atlantic/South_Georgia',
'Atlantic/St_Helena',
'Atlantic/Stanley',
'Australia/ACT',
'Australia/Adelaide',
'Australia/Brisbane',
'Australia/Broken_Hill',
'Australia/Canberra',
'Australia/Currie',
'Australia/Darwin',
'Australia/Eucla',
'Australia/Hobart',
'Australia/LHI',
'Australia/Lindeman',
'Australia/Lord_Howe',
'Australia/Melbourne',
'Australia/NSW',
'Australia/North',
'Australia/Perth',
'Australia/Queensland',
'Australia/South',
'Australia/Sydney',
'Australia/Tasmania',
'Australia/Victoria',
'Australia/West',
'Australia/Yancowinna',
'Brazil/Acre',
'Brazil/DeNoronha',
'Brazil/East',
'Brazil/West',
'CET',
'CST6CDT',
'Canada/Atlantic',
'Canada/Central',
'Canada/Eastern',
'Canada/Mountain',
'Canada/Newfoundland',
'Canada/Pacific',
'Canada/Saskatchewan',
'Canada/Yukon',
'Chile/Continental',
'Chile/EasterIsland',
'Cuba',
'EET',
'EST',
'EST5EDT',
'Egypt',
'Eire',
'Etc/GMT',
'Etc/GMT+0',
'Etc/GMT+1',
'Etc/GMT+10',
'Etc/GMT+11',
'Etc/GMT+12',
'Etc/GMT+2',
'Etc/GMT+3',
'Etc/GMT+4',
'Etc/GMT+5',
'Etc/GMT+6',
'Etc/GMT+7',
'Etc/GMT+8',
'Etc/GMT+9',
'Etc/GMT-0',
'Etc/GMT-1',
'Etc/GMT-10',
'Etc/GMT-11',
'Etc/GMT-12',
'Etc/GMT-13',
'Etc/GMT-14',
'Etc/GMT-2',
'Etc/GMT-3',
'Etc/GMT-4',
'Etc/GMT-5',
'Etc/GMT-6',
'Etc/GMT-7',
'Etc/GMT-8',
'Etc/GMT-9',
'Etc/GMT0',
'Etc/Greenwich',
'Etc/UCT',
'Etc/UTC',
'Etc/Universal',
'Etc/Zulu',
'Europe/Amsterdam',
'Europe/Andorra',
'Europe/Astrakhan',
'Europe/Athens',
'Europe/Belfast',
'Europe/Belgrade',
'Europe/Berlin',
'Europe/Bratislava',
'Europe/Brussels',
'Europe/Bucharest',
'Europe/Budapest',
'Europe/Busingen',
'Europe/Chisinau',
'Europe/Copenhagen',
'Europe/Dublin',
'Europe/Gibraltar',
'Europe/Guernsey',
'Europe/Helsinki',
'Europe/Isle_of_Man',
'Europe/Istanbul',
'Europe/Jersey',
'Europe/Kaliningrad',
'Europe/Kiev',
'Europe/Kirov',
'Europe/Lisbon',
'Europe/Ljubljana',
'Europe/London',
'Europe/Luxembourg',
'Europe/Madrid',
'Europe/Malta',
'Europe/Mariehamn',
'Europe/Minsk',
'Europe/Monaco',
'Europe/Moscow',
'Europe/Nicosia',
'Europe/Oslo',
'Europe/Paris',
'Europe/Podgorica',
'Europe/Prague',
'Europe/Riga',
'Europe/Rome',
'Europe/Samara',
'Europe/San_Marino',
'Europe/Sarajevo',
'Europe/Saratov',
'Europe/Simferopol',
'Europe/Skopje',
'Europe/Sofia',
'Europe/Stockholm',
'Europe/Tallinn',
'Europe/Tirane',
'Europe/Tiraspol',
'Europe/Ulyanovsk',
'Europe/Uzhgorod',
'Europe/Vaduz',
'Europe/Vatican',
'Europe/Vienna',
'Europe/Vilnius',
'Europe/Volgograd',
'Europe/Warsaw',
'Europe/Zagreb',
'Europe/Zaporozhye',
'Europe/Zurich',
'GB',
'GB-Eire',
'GMT',
'GMT+0',
'GMT-0',
'GMT0',
'Greenwich',
'HST',
'Hongkong',
'Iceland',
'Indian/Antananarivo',
'Indian/Chagos',
'Indian/Christmas',
'Indian/Cocos',
'Indian/Comoro',
'Indian/Kerguelen',
'Indian/Mahe',
'Indian/Maldives',
'Indian/Mauritius',
'Indian/Mayotte',
'Indian/Reunion',
'Iran',
'Israel',
'Jamaica',
'Japan',
'Kwajalein',
'Libya',
'MET',
'MST',
'MST7MDT',
'Mexico/BajaNorte',
'Mexico/BajaSur',
'Mexico/General',
'NZ',
'NZ-CHAT',
'Navajo',
'PRC',
'PST8PDT',
'Pacific/Apia',
'Pacific/Auckland',
'Pacific/Bougainville',
'Pacific/Chatham',
'Pacific/Chuuk',
'Pacific/Easter',
'Pacific/Efate',
'Pacific/Enderbury',
'Pacific/Fakaofo',
'Pacific/Fiji',
'Pacific/Funafuti',
'Pacific/Galapagos',
'Pacific/Gambier',
'Pacific/Guadalcanal',
'Pacific/Guam',
'Pacific/Honolulu',
'Pacific/Johnston',
'Pacific/Kiritimati',
'Pacific/Kosrae',
'Pacific/Kwajalein',
'Pacific/Majuro',
'Pacific/Marquesas',
'Pacific/Midway',
'Pacific/Nauru',
'Pacific/Niue',
'Pacific/Norfolk',
'Pacific/Noumea',
'Pacific/Pago_Pago',
'Pacific/Palau',
'Pacific/Pitcairn',
'Pacific/Pohnpei',
'Pacific/Ponape',
'Pacific/Port_Moresby',
'Pacific/Rarotonga',
'Pacific/Saipan',
'Pacific/Samoa',
'Pacific/Tahiti',
'Pacific/Tarawa',
'Pacific/Tongatapu',
'Pacific/Truk',
'Pacific/Wake',
'Pacific/Wallis',
'Pacific/Yap',
'Poland',
'Portugal',
'ROC',
'ROK',
'Singapore',
'Turkey',
'UCT',
'US/Alaska',
'US/Aleutian',
'US/Arizona',
'US/Central',
'US/East-Indiana',
'US/Eastern',
'US/Hawaii',
'US/Indiana-Starke',
'US/Michigan',
'US/Mountain',
'US/Pacific',
'US/Samoa',
'UTC',
'Universal',
'W-SU',
'WET',
'Zulu']
all_timezones = LazyList(
tz for tz in all_timezones if resource_exists(tz))
all_timezones_set = LazySet(all_timezones)
common_timezones = \
['Africa/Abidjan',
'Africa/Accra',
'Africa/Addis_Ababa',
'Africa/Algiers',
'Africa/Asmara',
'Africa/Bamako',
'Africa/Bangui',
'Africa/Banjul',
'Africa/Bissau',
'Africa/Blantyre',
'Africa/Brazzaville',
'Africa/Bujumbura',
'Africa/Cairo',
'Africa/Casablanca',
'Africa/Ceuta',
'Africa/Conakry',
'Africa/Dakar',
'Africa/Dar_es_Salaam',
'Africa/Djibouti',
'Africa/Douala',
'Africa/El_Aaiun',
'Africa/Freetown',
'Africa/Gaborone',
'Africa/Harare',
'Africa/Johannesburg',
'Africa/Juba',
'Africa/Kampala',
'Africa/Khartoum',
'Africa/Kigali',
'Africa/Kinshasa',
'Africa/Lagos',
'Africa/Libreville',
'Africa/Lome',
'Africa/Luanda',
'Africa/Lubumbashi',
'Africa/Lusaka',
'Africa/Malabo',
'Africa/Maputo',
'Africa/Maseru',
'Africa/Mbabane',
'Africa/Mogadishu',
'Africa/Monrovia',
'Africa/Nairobi',
'Africa/Ndjamena',
'Africa/Niamey',
'Africa/Nouakchott',
'Africa/Ouagadougou',
'Africa/Porto-Novo',
'Africa/Sao_Tome',
'Africa/Tripoli',
'Africa/Tunis',
'Africa/Windhoek',
'America/Adak',
'America/Anchorage',
'America/Anguilla',
'America/Antigua',
'America/Araguaina',
'America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires',
'America/Argentina/Catamarca',
'America/Argentina/Cordoba',
'America/Argentina/Jujuy',
'America/Argentina/La_Rioja',
'America/Argentina/Mendoza',
'America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos',
'America/Argentina/Salta',
'America/Argentina/San_Juan',
'America/Argentina/San_Luis',
'America/Argentina/Tucuman',
'America/Argentina/Ushuaia',
'America/Aruba',
'America/Asuncion',
'America/Atikokan',
'America/Bahia',
'America/Bahia_Banderas',
'America/Barbados',
'America/Belem',
'America/Belize',
'America/Blanc-Sablon',
'America/Boa_Vista',
'America/Bogota',
'America/Boise',
'America/Cambridge_Bay',
'America/Campo_Grande',
'America/Cancun',
'America/Caracas',
'America/Cayenne',
'America/Cayman',
'America/Chicago',
'America/Chihuahua',
'America/Costa_Rica',
'America/Creston',
'America/Cuiaba',
'America/Curacao',
'America/Danmarkshavn',
'America/Dawson',
'America/Dawson_Creek',
'America/Denver',
'America/Detroit',
'America/Dominica',
'America/Edmonton',
'America/Eirunepe',
'America/El_Salvador',
'America/Fort_Nelson',
'America/Fortaleza',
'America/Glace_Bay',
'America/Godthab',
'America/Goose_Bay',
'America/Grand_Turk',
'America/Grenada',
'America/Guadeloupe',
'America/Guatemala',
'America/Guayaquil',
'America/Guyana',
'America/Halifax',
'America/Havana',
'America/Hermosillo',
'America/Indiana/Indianapolis',
'America/Indiana/Knox',
'America/Indiana/Marengo',
'America/Indiana/Petersburg',
'America/Indiana/Tell_City',
'America/Indiana/Vevay',
'America/Indiana/Vincennes',
'America/Indiana/Winamac',
'America/Inuvik',
'America/Iqaluit',
'America/Jamaica',
'America/Juneau',
'America/Kentucky/Louisville',
'America/Kentucky/Monticello',
'America/Kralendijk',
'America/La_Paz',
'America/Lima',
'America/Los_Angeles',
'America/Lower_Princes',
'America/Maceio',
'America/Managua',
'America/Manaus',
'America/Marigot',
'America/Martinique',
'America/Matamoros',
'America/Mazatlan',
'America/Menominee',
'America/Merida',
'America/Metlakatla',
'America/Mexico_City',
'America/Miquelon',
'America/Moncton',
'America/Monterrey',
'America/Montevideo',
'America/Montserrat',
'America/Nassau',
'America/New_York',
'America/Nipigon',
'America/Nome',
'America/Noronha',
'America/North_Dakota/Beulah',
'America/North_Dakota/Center',
'America/North_Dakota/New_Salem',
'America/Ojinaga',
'America/Panama',
'America/Pangnirtung',
'America/Paramaribo',
'America/Phoenix',
'America/Port-au-Prince',
'America/Port_of_Spain',
'America/Porto_Velho',
'America/Puerto_Rico',
'America/Punta_Arenas',
'America/Rainy_River',
'America/Rankin_Inlet',
'America/Recife',
'America/Regina',
'America/Resolute',
'America/Rio_Branco',
'America/Santarem',
'America/Santiago',
'America/Santo_Domingo',
'America/Sao_Paulo',
'America/Scoresbysund',
'America/Sitka',
'America/St_Barthelemy',
'America/St_Johns',
'America/St_Kitts',
'America/St_Lucia',
'America/St_Thomas',
'America/St_Vincent',
'America/Swift_Current',
'America/Tegucigalpa',
'America/Thule',
'America/Thunder_Bay',
'America/Tijuana',
'America/Toronto',
'America/Tortola',
'America/Vancouver',
'America/Whitehorse',
'America/Winnipeg',
'America/Yakutat',
'America/Yellowknife',
'Antarctica/Casey',
'Antarctica/Davis',
'Antarctica/DumontDUrville',
'Antarctica/Macquarie',
'Antarctica/Mawson',
'Antarctica/McMurdo',
'Antarctica/Palmer',
'Antarctica/Rothera',
'Antarctica/Syowa',
'Antarctica/Troll',
'Antarctica/Vostok',
'Arctic/Longyearbyen',
'Asia/Aden',
'Asia/Almaty',
'Asia/Amman',
'Asia/Anadyr',
'Asia/Aqtau',
'Asia/Aqtobe',
'Asia/Ashgabat',
'Asia/Atyrau',
'Asia/Baghdad',
'Asia/Bahrain',
'Asia/Baku',
'Asia/Bangkok',
'Asia/Barnaul',
'Asia/Beirut',
'Asia/Bishkek',
'Asia/Brunei',
'Asia/Chita',
'Asia/Choibalsan',
'Asia/Colombo',
'Asia/Damascus',
'Asia/Dhaka',
'Asia/Dili',
'Asia/Dubai',
'Asia/Dushanbe',
'Asia/Famagusta',
'Asia/Gaza',
'Asia/Hebron',
'Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh',
'Asia/Hong_Kong',
'Asia/Hovd',
'Asia/Irkutsk',
'Asia/Jakarta',
'Asia/Jayapura',
'Asia/Jerusalem',
'Asia/Kabul',
'Asia/Kamchatka',
'Asia/Karachi',
'Asia/Kathmandu',
'Asia/Khandyga',
'Asia/Kolkata',
'Asia/Krasnoyarsk',
'Asia/Kuala_Lumpur',
'Asia/Kuching',
'Asia/Kuwait',
'Asia/Macau',
'Asia/Magadan',
'Asia/Makassar',
'Asia/Manila',
'Asia/Muscat',
'Asia/Nicosia',
'Asia/Novokuznetsk',
'Asia/Novosibirsk',
'Asia/Omsk',
'Asia/Oral',
'Asia/Phnom_Penh',
'Asia/Pontianak',
'Asia/Pyongyang',
'Asia/Qatar',
'Asia/Qostanay',
'Asia/Qyzylorda',
'Asia/Riyadh',
'Asia/Sakhalin',
'Asia/Samarkand',
'Asia/Seoul',
'Asia/Shanghai',
'Asia/Singapore',
'Asia/Srednekolymsk',
'Asia/Taipei',
'Asia/Tashkent',
'Asia/Tbilisi',
'Asia/Tehran',
'Asia/Thimphu',
'Asia/Tokyo',
'Asia/Tomsk',
'Asia/Ulaanbaatar',
'Asia/Urumqi',
'Asia/Ust-Nera',
'Asia/Vientiane',
'Asia/Vladivostok',
'Asia/Yakutsk',
'Asia/Yangon',
'Asia/Yekaterinburg',
'Asia/Yerevan',
'Atlantic/Azores',
'Atlantic/Bermuda',
'Atlantic/Canary',
'Atlantic/Cape_Verde',
'Atlantic/Faroe',
'Atlantic/Madeira',
'Atlantic/Reykjavik',
'Atlantic/South_Georgia',
'Atlantic/St_Helena',
'Atlantic/Stanley',
'Australia/Adelaide',
'Australia/Brisbane',
'Australia/Broken_Hill',
'Australia/Currie',
'Australia/Darwin',
'Australia/Eucla',
'Australia/Hobart',
'Australia/Lindeman',
'Australia/Lord_Howe',
'Australia/Melbourne',
'Australia/Perth',
'Australia/Sydney',
'Canada/Atlantic',
'Canada/Central',
'Canada/Eastern',
'Canada/Mountain',
'Canada/Newfoundland',
'Canada/Pacific',
'Europe/Amsterdam',
'Europe/Andorra',
'Europe/Astrakhan',
'Europe/Athens',
'Europe/Belgrade',
'Europe/Berlin',
'Europe/Bratislava',
'Europe/Brussels',
'Europe/Bucharest',
'Europe/Budapest',
'Europe/Busingen',
'Europe/Chisinau',
'Europe/Copenhagen',
'Europe/Dublin',
'Europe/Gibraltar',
'Europe/Guernsey',
'Europe/Helsinki',
'Europe/Isle_of_Man',
'Europe/Istanbul',
'Europe/Jersey',
'Europe/Kaliningrad',
'Europe/Kiev',
'Europe/Kirov',
'Europe/Lisbon',
'Europe/Ljubljana',
'Europe/London',
'Europe/Luxembourg',
'Europe/Madrid',
'Europe/Malta',
'Europe/Mariehamn',
'Europe/Minsk',
'Europe/Monaco',
'Europe/Moscow',
'Europe/Oslo',
'Europe/Paris',
'Europe/Podgorica',
'Europe/Prague',
'Europe/Riga',
'Europe/Rome',
'Europe/Samara',
'Europe/San_Marino',
'Europe/Sarajevo',
'Europe/Saratov',
'Europe/Simferopol',
'Europe/Skopje',
'Europe/Sofia',
'Europe/Stockholm',
'Europe/Tallinn',
'Europe/Tirane',
'Europe/Ulyanovsk',
'Europe/Uzhgorod',
'Europe/Vaduz',
'Europe/Vatican',
'Europe/Vienna',
'Europe/Vilnius',
'Europe/Volgograd',
'Europe/Warsaw',
'Europe/Zagreb',
'Europe/Zaporozhye',
'Europe/Zurich',
'GMT',
'Indian/Antananarivo',
'Indian/Chagos',
'Indian/Christmas',
'Indian/Cocos',
'Indian/Comoro',
'Indian/Kerguelen',
'Indian/Mahe',
'Indian/Maldives',
'Indian/Mauritius',
'Indian/Mayotte',
'Indian/Reunion',
'Pacific/Apia',
'Pacific/Auckland',
'Pacific/Bougainville',
'Pacific/Chatham',
'Pacific/Chuuk',
'Pacific/Easter',
'Pacific/Efate',
'Pacific/Enderbury',
'Pacific/Fakaofo',
'Pacific/Fiji',
'Pacific/Funafuti',
'Pacific/Galapagos',
'Pacific/Gambier',
'Pacific/Guadalcanal',
'Pacific/Guam',
'Pacific/Honolulu',
'Pacific/Kiritimati',
'Pacific/Kosrae',
'Pacific/Kwajalein',
'Pacific/Majuro',
'Pacific/Marquesas',
'Pacific/Midway',
'Pacific/Nauru',
'Pacific/Niue',
'Pacific/Norfolk',
'Pacific/Noumea',
'Pacific/Pago_Pago',
'Pacific/Palau',
'Pacific/Pitcairn',
'Pacific/Pohnpei',
'Pacific/Port_Moresby',
'Pacific/Rarotonga',
'Pacific/Saipan',
'Pacific/Tahiti',
'Pacific/Tarawa',
'Pacific/Tongatapu',
'Pacific/Wake',
'Pacific/Wallis',
'US/Alaska',
'US/Arizona',
'US/Central',
'US/Eastern',
'US/Hawaii',
'US/Mountain',
'US/Pacific',
'UTC']
common_timezones = LazyList(
tz for tz in common_timezones if tz in all_timezones)
common_timezones_set = LazySet(common_timezones)
'''
Custom exceptions raised by pytz.
'''
__all__ = [
'UnknownTimeZoneError', 'InvalidTimeError', 'AmbiguousTimeError',
'NonExistentTimeError',
]
class UnknownTimeZoneError(KeyError):
'''Exception raised when pytz is passed an unknown timezone.
>>> isinstance(UnknownTimeZoneError(), LookupError)
True
This class is actually a subclass of KeyError to provide backwards
compatibility with code relying on the undocumented behavior of earlier
pytz releases.
>>> isinstance(UnknownTimeZoneError(), KeyError)
True
'''
pass
class InvalidTimeError(Exception):
'''Base class for invalid time exceptions.'''
class AmbiguousTimeError(InvalidTimeError):
'''Exception raised when attempting to create an ambiguous wallclock time.
At the end of a DST transition period, a particular wallclock time will
occur twice (once before the clocks are set back, once after). Both
possibilities may be correct, unless further information is supplied.
See DstTzInfo.normalize() for more info
'''
class NonExistentTimeError(InvalidTimeError):
'''Exception raised when attempting to create a wallclock time that
cannot exist.
At the start of a DST transition period, the wallclock time jumps forward.
The instants jumped over never occur.
'''
from threading import RLock
try:
from collections.abc import Mapping as DictMixin
except ImportError: # Python < 3.3
try:
from UserDict import DictMixin # Python 2
except ImportError: # Python 3.0-3.3
from collections import Mapping as DictMixin
# With lazy loading, we might end up with multiple threads triggering
# it at the same time. We need a lock.
_fill_lock = RLock()
class LazyDict(DictMixin):
"""Dictionary populated on first use."""
data = None
def __getitem__(self, key):
if self.data is None:
_fill_lock.acquire()
try:
if self.data is None:
self._fill()
finally:
_fill_lock.release()
return self.data[key.upper()]
def __contains__(self, key):
if self.data is None:
_fill_lock.acquire()
try:
if self.data is None:
self._fill()
finally:
_fill_lock.release()
return key in self.data
def __iter__(self):
if self.data is None:
_fill_lock.acquire()
try:
if self.data is None:
self._fill()
finally:
_fill_lock.release()
return iter(self.data)
def __len__(self):
if self.data is None:
_fill_lock.acquire()
try:
if self.data is None:
self._fill()
finally:
_fill_lock.release()
return len(self.data)
def keys(self):
if self.data is None:
_fill_lock.acquire()
try:
if self.data is None:
self._fill()
finally:
_fill_lock.release()
return self.data.keys()
class LazyList(list):
"""List populated on first use."""
_props = [
'__str__', '__repr__', '__unicode__',
'__hash__', '__sizeof__', '__cmp__',
'__lt__', '__le__', '__eq__', '__ne__', '__gt__', '__ge__',
'append', 'count', 'index', 'extend', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove',
'reverse', 'sort', '__add__', '__radd__', '__iadd__', '__mul__',
'__rmul__', '__imul__', '__contains__', '__len__', '__nonzero__',
'__getitem__', '__setitem__', '__delitem__', '__iter__',
'__reversed__', '__getslice__', '__setslice__', '__delslice__']
def __new__(cls, fill_iter=None):
if fill_iter is None:
return list()
# We need a new class as we will be dynamically messing with its
# methods.
class LazyList(list):
pass
fill_iter = [fill_iter]
def lazy(name):
def _lazy(self, *args, **kw):
_fill_lock.acquire()
try:
if len(fill_iter) > 0:
list.extend(self, fill_iter.pop())
for method_name in cls._props:
delattr(LazyList, method_name)
finally:
_fill_lock.release()
return getattr(list, name)(self, *args, **kw)
return _lazy
for name in cls._props:
setattr(LazyList, name, lazy(name))
new_list = LazyList()
return new_list
# Not all versions of Python declare the same magic methods.
# Filter out properties that don't exist in this version of Python
# from the list.
LazyList._props = [prop for prop in LazyList._props if hasattr(list, prop)]
class LazySet(set):
"""Set populated on first use."""
_props = (
'__str__', '__repr__', '__unicode__',
'__hash__', '__sizeof__', '__cmp__',
'__lt__', '__le__', '__eq__', '__ne__', '__gt__', '__ge__',
'__contains__', '__len__', '__nonzero__',
'__getitem__', '__setitem__', '__delitem__', '__iter__',
'__sub__', '__and__', '__xor__', '__or__',
'__rsub__', '__rand__', '__rxor__', '__ror__',
'__isub__', '__iand__', '__ixor__', '__ior__',
'add', 'clear', 'copy', 'difference', 'difference_update',
'discard', 'intersection', 'intersection_update', 'isdisjoint',
'issubset', 'issuperset', 'pop', 'remove',
'symmetric_difference', 'symmetric_difference_update',
'union', 'update')
def __new__(cls, fill_iter=None):
if fill_iter is None:
return set()
class LazySet(set):
pass
fill_iter = [fill_iter]
def lazy(name):
def _lazy(self, *args, **kw):
_fill_lock.acquire()
try:
if len(fill_iter) > 0:
for i in fill_iter.pop():
set.add(self, i)
for method_name in cls._props:
delattr(LazySet, method_name)
finally:
_fill_lock.release()
return getattr(set, name)(self, *args, **kw)
return _lazy
for name in cls._props:
setattr(LazySet, name, lazy(name))
new_set = LazySet()
return new_set
# Not all versions of Python declare the same magic methods.
# Filter out properties that don't exist in this version of Python
# from the list.
LazySet._props = [prop for prop in LazySet._props if hasattr(set, prop)]
'''
Reference tzinfo implementations from the Python docs.
Used for testing against as they are only correct for the years
1987 to 2006. Do not use these for real code.
'''
from datetime import tzinfo, timedelta, datetime
from pytz import HOUR, ZERO, UTC
__all__ = [
'FixedOffset',
'LocalTimezone',
'USTimeZone',
'Eastern',
'Central',
'Mountain',
'Pacific',
'UTC'
]
# A class building tzinfo objects for fixed-offset time zones.
# Note that FixedOffset(0, "UTC") is a different way to build a
# UTC tzinfo object.
class FixedOffset(tzinfo):
"""Fixed offset in minutes east from UTC."""
def __init__(self, offset, name):
self.__offset = timedelta(minutes=offset)
self.__name = name
def utcoffset(self, dt):
return self.__offset
def tzname(self, dt):
return self.__name
def dst(self, dt):
return ZERO
import time as _time
STDOFFSET = timedelta(seconds=-_time.timezone)
if _time.daylight:
DSTOFFSET = timedelta(seconds=-_time.altzone)
else:
DSTOFFSET = STDOFFSET
DSTDIFF = DSTOFFSET - STDOFFSET
# A class capturing the platform's idea of local time.
class LocalTimezone(tzinfo):
def utcoffset(self, dt):
if self._isdst(dt):
return DSTOFFSET
else:
return STDOFFSET
def dst(self, dt):
if self._isdst(dt):
return DSTDIFF
else:
return ZERO
def tzname(self, dt):
return _time.tzname[self._isdst(dt)]
def _isdst(self, dt):
tt = (dt.year, dt.month, dt.day,
dt.hour, dt.minute, dt.second,
dt.weekday(), 0, -1)
stamp = _time.mktime(tt)
tt = _time.localtime(stamp)
return tt.tm_isdst > 0
Local = LocalTimezone()
def first_sunday_on_or_after(dt):
days_to_go = 6 - dt.weekday()
if days_to_go:
dt += timedelta(days_to_go)
return dt
# In the US, DST starts at 2am (standard time) on the first Sunday in April.
DSTSTART = datetime(1, 4, 1, 2)
# and ends at 2am (DST time; 1am standard time) on the last Sunday of Oct.
# which is the first Sunday on or after Oct 25.
DSTEND = datetime(1, 10, 25, 1)
# A complete implementation of current DST rules for major US time zones.
class USTimeZone(tzinfo):
def __init__(self, hours, reprname, stdname, dstname):
self.stdoffset = timedelta(hours=hours)
self.reprname = reprname
self.stdname = stdname
self.dstname = dstname
def __repr__(self):
return self.reprname
def tzname(self, dt):
if self.dst(dt):
return self.dstname
else:
return self.stdname
def utcoffset(self, dt):
return self.stdoffset + self.dst(dt)
def dst(self, dt):
if dt is None or dt.tzinfo is None:
# An exception may be sensible here, in one or both cases.
# It depends on how you want to treat them. The default
# fromutc() implementation (called by the default astimezone()
# implementation) passes a datetime with dt.tzinfo is self.
return ZERO
assert dt.tzinfo is self
# Find first Sunday in April & the last in October.
start = first_sunday_on_or_after(DSTSTART.replace(year=dt.year))
end = first_sunday_on_or_after(DSTEND.replace(year=dt.year))
# Can't compare naive to aware objects, so strip the timezone from
# dt first.
if start <= dt.replace(tzinfo=None) < end:
return HOUR
else:
return ZERO
Eastern = USTimeZone(-5, "Eastern", "EST", "EDT")
Central = USTimeZone(-6, "Central", "CST", "CDT")
Mountain = USTimeZone(-7, "Mountain", "MST", "MDT")
Pacific = USTimeZone(-8, "Pacific", "PST", "PDT")
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